Psychology: Learning, Thinking, and Definitions
Learning
- Punishment teaches physical or psychological aggression. True
- Enhancers given to children as toys are the same as bribery. False
- Phobias are irrational, unfounded fears. True
- Behaviors cannot be unlearned. False
- You can change the nail-biting behavior of a teenager. True
- All behavior can be distinguished by cognitive, physiological, and motor aspects. True
- No prior experience of fear is required with certain stimuli to remain afraid. True
- Fatigue, illness, and drugs have little lasting effect on behavior. False
- If we establish a lasting habit in a person, intermittent reinforcement is better than reinforcing every time the behavior is performed. True
- Learning and aging are synonymous. False
Thinking
- Thinking involves symbolic representations of facts not present in reality. True
- Reasoning is based on logic. True
- Intelligence and thought are synonymous terms. False
- An algorithm is a step-by-step prescription to achieve a particular objective. True
- A heuristic is a procedure that we believe gives us a reasonable chance of a solution or approach, but there is no guarantee it will work. True
- Critical thinking is a necessary and sufficient condition for creativity. False
- Lateral thinking is used to randomly generate new ideas. False
- Metacognition is knowing the capabilities and limitations of human thought processes. True
- An inductive argument could occur to be more or less likely but still valid. False
- A proposition is a statement that may be true or false. True
- An analogy is a relationship of similarity between two or more realities. True
- The validity of a deductive argument depends on the truth or falsity of the premises. False
Psychology
- Psychology and psychiatry have the same study and similar techniques of treatment. False
- To understand human behavior, it is necessary to understand the underlying physiological processes. True
- Psychology seeks to establish general laws of behavior and is not interested in individual differences in behavior. False
- The basic method employed by psychology is to conduct tests. True
- Parapsychology is one of the most important branches of psychology. False
- To predict natural events or human behavior is a basic characteristic of science. True
- The object of psychology is to psychoanalyze people to understand their trauma and to heal. False
- Observation and experimentation are similar research methods. False
- Behavior consists of actions and reactions of the organism against the environment. True
- The formulation of hypotheses depends largely on the imagination of scientists. True
Definitions of Psychology
Cognitivism: A psychological movement whose main objective is to understand the nature and workings of the human mind by studying cognitive processes (perception, memory, learning, reasoning, and language).
Behaviorism: A dominant ideology in the first half of the twentieth century. It is based on the environment and seeks to establish objective criteria for behavior.
Stimulus: An internal or external factor that can cause a particular reaction in a cell or organism. Receivers transmit this perception to the nervous system of living beings, providing information and triggering a response.
Experimentation: A scientific method used to test hypotheses about causal relationships between two or more conditions by managing controlled situations.
Psychoanalysis: A psychological system developed by Sigmund Freud, which is based on the reality of the unconscious and the defense of biological instincts to determine personality.
Psychology: The science that studies the behavior of living things and the mental processes by which they know and are oriented in their learning environment and experience.
Response: The reaction of an organism to a given stimulus.
Hypothesis: An acceptable proposal made through the collection of information and data, although not confirmed, serving as an attempt to respond to a problem with a scientific basis.