Qualitative Research in Social Sciences: A Comprehensive Overview
Qualitative Research for Social Work
Introduction
The debate between qualitative and quantitative research approaches has been extensive. However, in our case, we focus on the heuristic potential (inquiry and discovery) of the qualitative perspective. Its distinguishing features are evident among various theoretical lines, particularly symbolic interactionism. We also advocate for the use of specific practices within the framework of traditional methods that have characterized this discipline.
Qualitative Research: Distinguishing Features
Qualitative research is thriving in the social sciences due to its immense heuristic potential (a scientific approach to problem-solving through non-rigorous methods, trial and error, empirical exploration, etc.).
The foundation of any approach lies in understanding the specific subject under investigation. In the case of qualitative methodology, this understanding is inseparable from a holistic perspective (the whole is greater than the sum of its parts) throughout the research process.
- Qualitative Perspective: Structural understanding of the object being studied.
- Quantitative Perspective: Articulation of a causal explanation of the problem.
Overly ambitious research objectives can lead to overlooking the nuances of everyday reality.
Blumer suggests adopting a posture of humility, starting with specific and localized areas. He emphasizes the development of sensitizing concepts and guidance to help complete the inductive process with what he termed theories of everyday life, which possess comparative flexibility and instrumental value.
This attitude has characterized qualitative methods in social sciences. They have demonstrated their potential for critique of quantitative systems and their inclusion in integrated models (combining both approaches).
Lazarfeld and Barton (1955) suggested researchers first employ a qualitative approach to study and develop hypotheses that can later be tested using quantitative techniques. This sequential model has been implemented in numerous social research projects.
Methodological Triangulation
Methodological triangulation is a design that allows for combining quantitative and qualitative methods, or different methods within either quantitative or qualitative research.
Methods are applied independently, linked by their common object of study. Comparing results facilitates monitoring and ensures the validity and reliability of the instrument, leading to more consistent conclusions.
While combining qualitative and quantitative perspectives is feasible and desirable, the research subject must be considered.
Alvira argues that both approaches have undergone a convergent process of mutual recognition. The quantitative approach has relaxed its emphasis on theory building through qualitative modeling while maintaining its focus on achieving verified and confirmatory theories.
| Qualitative Methods | Quantitative Methods |
|---|---|
| Soft Flexible Subjective Value-laden Case study (method type) Speculative Substantiated | Hard Rigid Objective Value-free Poll (method type) Hypothesis testing Abstract |
Each attribute can be interpreted positively or negatively depending on the perspective from which it is evaluated.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Global Research Concept
Classical quantitative research is conceived as a closed, sequentially routinized process with distinct phases (defining the research problem, formulating hypotheses, constructing the methodology, selecting data collection techniques, choosing a sample, conducting fieldwork, analyzing data, and preparing the report with subsequent reformulation or confirmation of initial theoretical assumptions). The chronological fulfillment of these phases is considered crucial for research success.
Davila argues that the beginning is conditioned by the end of the process, and the latter is pre-formulated in the former. Therefore, choosing the wrong method and theoretical model is a prerequisite for research. No theory, no research.
In qualitative research, all tasks are subject to review and reformulation. Nothing is taken for granted, and the possibility of a shift in the interpretation of reality at any stage of the investigation is acknowledged. This demands a flexible research method where formulating and revising the theory, analysis, data collection, and control are performed simultaneously. This creates feedback between them, facilitating review and reformulation.
However, it is naive to claim the absence of theoretical assumptions. The researcher possesses some knowledge and a MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE. These should not be used to condition the investigation but rather as a springboard.
While research methods cannot be reduced to a formula, Becker identifies four main factors:
- a) Critical subjectivity or knowledge derived from experience, which, when brought to the level of consciousness, can be invaluable in developing research questions.
- b) Previous research and theory.