Realism in 19th Century France: Art and Society
Realism in 19th Century France
Realism in France during the 1830s represented a faithful depiction of the real world, focusing on urban environments and the social problems faced by its characters. This critical perspective emphasized accuracy and objectivity, with the author acting as an impartial chronicler.
Naturalism and Its Influence
Naturalist novelists, such as Émile Zola, adapted their language to reflect the material science of their time. Zola introduced the concept of determinism, suggesting that a person’s actions are influenced by biological inheritance and social pressures. This perspective examines how race, environment, and historical context shape lives.
Key Concepts of Realism
- Determinism: The idea that free will is limited by biological and social factors.
- Technical Style: Realism demands maximum rigor in documentation, discussing real realities and their representation.
- Literary Characteristics: A marked tendency to test documents and a nostalgic attitude towards traditional society.
Realist Novels and Their Themes
Realist novels often lack imagination and replay scenes and situations, presenting a modern view of reality as a literary theme. These works reflect a dynamic society, particularly during the industrial revolution when the bourgeoisie triumphed. Most realistic novels incorporate elements of Catalan customs, portraying contemporary reality with precision.
Critique of Naturalism
Critics like Joseph Yxart and Joan Sarda have examined Zola’s work, noting that while he acknowledged the deterministic laws of nature, he also believed in the human element’s ability to counteract these natural values. Yxart’s theory emphasizes the likelihood of truth and fiction coexisting within the narrative structure.
Challenges Faced by Realist Novels
Modern realist novels face several challenges, including:
- Lack of prestige and recognition.
- Anachronistic language that may alienate readers.
- Insufficient platforms for publication and critique.
Notable Authors and Works
Narcís Oller (1846-1930) is recognized as a key figure in modern Catalan literature, representing both rural and urban worlds. His works often convey a sense of poetic justice, where good triumphs over evil.
Significant Works by Oller
- Gold Fever: A realist novel that explores ambition and social class dynamics.
- Escanyapobres: A commentary on moral degradation in rural society.
- Butterfly: A romantic narrative that analyzes seduction and moralism.
Oller’s engagement with new aesthetic currents and his connection to French novelist Zola helped shape modern Catalan literature, marking a significant evolution in narrative style and thematic exploration.