Renewable Energy Production Methods

Posted on Nov 17, 2024 in Technology

Ethanol Production

Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), a biofuel, is produced from biomass like sugarcane, maize, and wood. The process involves:

1. Hydrolysis: Sugars are broken down into glucose.

2. Fermentation: Yeast converts glucose into ethanol.

3. Distillation: Ethanol is purified to about 95%.

4. Applications: Used as fuel, standalone or blended.

This process is energy-intensive but provides a renewable energy source.

Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)

Components

  • Wind Turbine

    • Function: Converts wind to mechanical energy.
    • Pitch Control: Regulates speed.
    • Yaw Control: Aligns with wind.

  • Mechanical Interface

    • Gearbox: Increases speed.
    • Coupling: Transfers energy.

  • Generator

    • Electricity Production: Converts mechanical to electrical energy.
    • Grid Connection: Conditions output.

  • Controller

    • Monitoring: Tracks performance.
    • Protection: Ensures safety.

This system ensures efficient and stable electricity production.

Wind Power Terms

  • Aerodynamics: Study of air motion.
  • Yaw Control: Aligns turbine with wind.
  • Pitch Control: Adjusts blade angle.
  • Rotor: Blades and hub assembly.
  • Capacity Factor: Energy output ratio.

Waste and Biomass Conversion

Urban Waste to Energy

  • Incineration: Burns waste to generate steam for electricity.
  • Environmental Concerns: Emissions and ash disposal.

Biogas Generation Factors

  • Temperature: Optimal range 35-38°C.
  • Loading Rate: Daily waste input.
  • Solid Concentration: Ideal slurry 7-9% solids.
  • pH: Optimal range 6.8-7.8.
  • Retention Time: 30-50 days.
  • Nutrients and Toxins: Affect bacterial activity.

Biogas Plants

  • Floating Drum Type: Movable gas-holder.
  • Fixed Dome Type: Concrete dome for gas storage.

Gasifiers

  • Fixed Bed Gasifiers: Updraft and downdraft types.
  • Fluidized Bed Gasifiers: Use sand for combustion.

Biomass Conversion Technologies

  • Direct Combustion: Biomass burns for heat.
  • Gasification: Partial oxidation for combustible gas.
  • Pyrolysis: Decomposition without oxygen.
  • Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic digestion and fermentation.

Biomass Program in India

  • Government Initiatives: Subsidies and incentives.
  • Potential and Implementation: Supports rural energy.