Respiratory System: Anatomy, Function, and Gas Exchange
The Respiratory System: From Air to ATP
O2 intake transforms to ATP.
The Pathway of Air
Driving: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Nose
Nares (nostrils): Yellow (smell), reddish (warms air).
Coana: Opening of communication between nostrils and rhino…
Respiratory System: Entrance inland O2 resp. to lungs.
Nasal mass begins, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
Bronchioles and allows CO2 output through lungs,
Producing alveoli gas exchange. Via High: mouth, pharynx, larynx = syst. resp.
And digestive systems, are from craneao base until the 6th cervical vertebra. div is 13 cm 3
Parts: Nasal or rhino, mouth or pharynx, laryngopharynx laryngeal portion.
- Nose: It is separated by a partition. Their holes are called nostrils and are lined by mucous membranes and vibrissae (hair) that filter the incoming air.
Mucosa: pituitary, there are two types:- Yellow: smell
- Red: blood, warms the incoming air.
- Pharynx: This after the nostrils, is a common segment of the respiratory and digestive system. Is 13 cm long and has 3 parts:
- Nasal or nasopharynx
- Serving mouth or oropharynx
- Laryngeal or laryngopharynx
- Larynx: Movable, moving with phonation, voice and swallowing and this has more mobility.
It contains the vocal cords and epiglottis.
Epiglottis: To stop breathing for a few seconds prevents penetration of food into the trachea.
Glottis: vocal cords: they produce voice to vibrate by the pressure of exhaled air. - Trachea: Formed by cartilaginous rings in the form of C.
Main airway of the lungs and bronchi divides into 2 branches that channel in air at one of the 2 lungs. Bronchi branch like a tree, these enter into the lungs through the pulmonary hilus. It has 20 rings always keep open. - Bronchi and Bronchioles: Branch off into the lung from the trachea and end in alveoli, which are lung parenchyma wall.
- Alveoli: They have smaller bags are surrounded by capillaries through which blood and made the exchange of gases (hematosis) loads of O2 and CO2 is released.
- Lungs: There is one on each side, are elastic (expands and contracts) The right side has 3 lobes and the left has 2. In the rib cage / where are the heart and blood vessels) do hematosis and protects the membrane pleura.
- Pleurisy: Fluid accumulation. Does not dilate and contract in the cause of bacteria entering (pneumococcus), below it is the diaphragm (produce inspiration and expiration). 2 bodies are reddish.
- Pulmonary Emphysema: Mass destruction of alveoli by snuff.
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
Alveoli
Hematosis: CO2 that brought the blood passes into the air. Thus the venous blood becomes arterial blood. When the air reaches the alveoli of the O2 that leads through the fine walls and passes to the red blood cells. The alveoli are destroyed by tar.
Bacillus Coj: Damaged lung tissue.
-The nose will be in spite of our cushion the brain.
-Brainstem
-Medulla oblongata
-Medulla oblongata
Hemoglobin can be attached to CO2 or O2 = CO = unstable and stable
– Central receptors: Respiratory center, meningeal receptors, increased CO2, decreased pH.
– Chemoreceptors (aortic arch, carotid sinus): Lack of O2, CO2 excess, low pH.
– Distension receptors: Respiratory muscles.
– Thermo Receiver skin
– Chemoreceptors located in the musculature: CO2
-Central influences from the bark of the reticular formation, among others (emotion, work, regulation, during sleep, wakefulness)
-Efferent impulses to motor neurons of the respiratory muscles.
Spiro program: graphical area air levels of lungs.
Vital capacity: maximum air containment is done in 1 inspiration.
HB = hemoglobin
HBCO2 and HBO2 = unstable
HbCO = stable-asphyxiation.
Heparin: Natural anticoagulant, when it fails = thrombus.
Gas Transportation
– Gas Transportation
The O2 is a form of HB and oxyhemoglobin (HBO2 = oxihem.) Unstable reaction is easily separated, which is dissolved in plasma is 3% and 97% do so as HBO2. It moves in both directions
O2 + HB HBO2
CO2 transforms from 3 different ways. 60% do so as HCO3 (bicarbonate ion). 30% of them joined the HB carbaminohemoglobina forming, the remaining joins H2O and forms carbonic acid, which is rapidly degraded by carbon dioxide. It also moves in both directions.
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 HCO3