Risks of Infection and Physiological Changes in Elderly
Risks of Infection in the Elderly
Isolation, poor hygiene, and immobility increase the risk of infection in the elderly. Malnutrition, decreased skin integrity, and slower wound healing further contribute to this risk. A decline in immune response and lack of preventive measures like vaccinations also play a role.
Activities to Reduce Infection Risk
- Ensure a diet rich in proteins, vitamins, and fluids.
- Identify and mitigate high-risk situations: low income, overcrowding, and surgery.
- Shorten hospital stays and implement controls in residences.
- Adapt housing for the elderly and provide hygienic measures.
Most Frequent Infections
The elderly are particularly vulnerable to respiratory infections, with pneumonia being a leading cause of death. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are also common due to factors like vaginal atrophy, incontinence, bladder issues, and diabetes.
HIV Infection
While the incidence of STDs and AIDS is lower in the elderly, they have not been a focus of prevention education. Diagnosis often occurs late, hindering preventative measures.
Care for Caregivers and Nurses
- Implement prevention programs specifically for the elderly.
- Understand their behaviors related to sex and drug use.
Physiological Modifications and Aging
Age-related physiological changes impact the nutritional status of the elderly. Changes in body composition, such as decreased muscle and bone mass and increased fat tissue, lower basal metabolism, reducing calorie needs.
Pathological Modifications
Several age-related pathologies influence nutrition:
- Higher incidence of chronic diseases.
- Gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernias can cause heartburn and regurgitation.
Psychosocial Aspects
Psychosocial factors can significantly affect nutritional status:
- Low income
- Loneliness and isolation
- Environmental changes (e.g., moving, entering a nursing home)
- Prior inadequate diet
- Functional illiteracy
- Indifference to self-image
- Decline in physical activity
Nutritional Needs of the Elderly
The nutritional needs of the elderly are defined by the amount of calories, macronutrients, vitamins, and trace elements required for normal bodily functions. Current recommendations are often extrapolated from data for healthy adults due to limited large-scale studies specifically on the elderly.
Water Intake
Factors like decreased body water percentage, reduced kidney function, and diuretic use increase the risk of dehydration. It’s recommended to consume at least 1.5-2 liters of water daily, in addition to water-rich foods.