Safety at Sea and Coastal Navigation Guide
Security
Bad Weather
Wind and Water:
Definition: Every crew, based on their experience, the situation, and their boat, must know their safety limits. There is no general definition of “bad weather.”
Steering in Bad Weather: In bad weather, the vessel should be steered to prevent heeling, pitching, wave encounters, and compromised stability.
Heeling: This is the transverse motion of the boat leaning sideways. This movement can be very violent if the sea is taken abeam and should be avoided.
Pitching: This is the longitudinal movement where the bow (or stern) plunges with the waves. It can be very rough (slamming). This movement occurs when the sea is taken at an angle to the boat’s centerline and will be more significant the smaller the angle.
Shipping Seas: As a result of a wave or the vessel’s pitching, a large amount of water can be shipped. In general, the bow handles this better and is less likely to ship large amounts of water into the cockpit.
Do Not Compromise Stability: In general, avoid turning the boat abeam to the waves (beam-on), as this jeopardizes the vessel’s stability. It is safer to take the sea by the bow or stern.
Concept of Stability: Transverse stability is the tendency of a vessel to right itself. Longitudinal stability is the tendency of a vessel to oppose changes in trim.
Breaking the Synchronism: This is done by changing the boat’s speed and direction.
Transverse: The transverse period is the time it takes for the vessel to roll from one side to the other. If this is equal to the wave period, it can produce a dangerous increase in the amplitude of the oscillation. If this occurs, it is necessary to change course.
Longitudinal: If the longitudinal period equals the wave period, synchronization can also occur. To avoid this, we must change the boat’s speed.
Using Trim Tabs: If the boat is traveling at high speed, the stern tends to squat. Trim, in this case, is horizontal to the vessel, i.e., to reduce squat. This uses a plate located on the transom, which, when driven by hydraulic mechanisms, adjusts the angle of attack on the water, changing the trim.
Measures to Be Taken Aboard in Bad Weather
Check Hatches and Ports: In bad weather, close all ports and hatches to prevent swamping.
Check Lights: When ventilation openings are closed, the use of navigation lights will depend on the severity of the weather.
Check Coamings: Coamings must be properly secured.
Check Other Openings: Any other openings that could allow water ingress must be checked and possibly closed.
Stowage and Lashing: Stowage is the orderly and correct placement of loads on the vessel. It must ensure the stability of the boat, avoiding dangerous alterations to its center of gravity. Lashings must be secure to prevent items from falling or being damaged. Avoid leaving anything loose. Items should be stowed in reverse order of their use: first the least used, then the most. The boat must be”ship-shap” in anticipation of a storm.
Close Seacocks: Seacocks must be closed, except for those necessary for the proper functioning of the engine and other systems.
Passage Planning: Passage planning is the process of determining the route to get from one place to another. It is necessary to plan the passage before leaving, taking into account: the risks, possible shelters, and the effect of current and wind.
Heaving To: Heaving to is to hold the bow or stern into the wind and waves until the storm subsides. The engine may be used to assist in maintaining steerage. On a sailboat, the sails will be reefed, and a course that allows forward progress without pounding should be sought.
Running Before the Storm: If the storm is so strong that it is not possible to heave to, it may be necessary to run before the sea and storm. Maneuver quickly to avoid being caught abeam. Running with the sea on the stern quarter can increase the risk of broaching.
Risks of a Lee Shore: It is especially dangerous to have a lee shore in a storm, as this can drive the vessel aground. If it is not possible to avoid a lee shore, do everything possible to steer towards a beach or the lee of a rock. Prepare for the worst, call for help, attempt to anchor, don life jackets, and take all possible safety measures.
Sea Anchor: A sea anchor is a canvas cone streamed from the stern (sometimes from the bow) and serves to prevent the vessel from being turned beam-on to the sea and to slow the boat’s drift.
Maneuvers in a Squall: A squall is an atmospheric phenomenon of short duration with abrupt and rapid changes in intensity. It may be rain, snow, wind, hail, etc. Ensure the vessel is watertight, be aware of reduced visibility, prepare for a sudden increase in wind strength, and brief the crew on safety procedures, including the use of life jackets.
Protection from Thunderstorms and Their Influence on the Compass
Thunderstorms, although not always dangerous, can affect the vessel and electrical and electronic equipment on board. Turn off electrical and electronic equipment. The vessel should have a lightning rod installed. After the storm, check if the magnetic compass has been affected.
Low Visibility
Low visibility is any condition in which visibility is reduced by fog, mist, snow, heavy rain, sandstorms, smoke, or nightfall.
Precautions for Navigation in Fog: Slow down, turn on navigation lights, make sound signals as required, use radar, maintain a vigilant lookout, and follow a well-defined course.
Radar Reflector: This is an element that makes the vessel more visible on the radar of other vessels. It comprises eight metal plates forming open tetrahedra. It should be located in a high place.
Avoid Shipping Traffic: In low visibility, avoid congested areas, such as channels, crossing lanes, busy waterways, etc. In these areas, maintain a vigilant lookout and comply with the rules and regulations of maritime traffic.
Precautions for Night Navigation: Maintain a vigilant lookout, use safety harnesses on deck, avoid fatigue, be clear about maneuvers, navigate with precision, and use VHF Channel 16 when there is a risk of collision.
Precautions for Navigation in Shallow Waters
Avoid navigating in shallow waters. If you must navigate in shallow water, reduce speed, monitor depth sounder readings, identify hazards on the chart, and if possible, establish a safe contour or delay, taking into account the effects of current and leeway. Prepare for anchoring and maintain a vigilant lookout for breakers or any other signs of danger.
Safety Equipment Regulations for Navigation Area “C”
[Click here to see the text preceding the change of law]
Text prior to the change in legislation
Adapted to Changing Legislation
Review: This adaptation of the regulations is made in accordance with Order FOM/1144/2003, of April 28, 2003, which regulates the safety equipment, rescue, fire prevention, navigation, and sewage discharges to be carried on board pleasure craft. (BOE No. 113/2003 of May 12)
Description: Coastal waters navigation area. It comprises the following navigation zones:
Zone “4”. Navigation in the area between the coast and the line parallel to it at 12 miles.
Zone “5”. Navigation in which the vessel does not go more than 5 miles from a shelter or accessible beach.
Zone “6”. Navigation in which the vessel does not go more than 2 miles from a shelter or accessible beach.
Design Category: Design Category “C” for the navigation of vessels in coastal waters. These boats are designed to navigate in coastal waters, large bays and estuaries, lakes, and rivers, where they may encounter wind force 6 and significant wave heights of up to 2 meters. Applies to navigation zones 4, 5, 6, and 7.
Brief Descriptions, Suggested Uses, Stowage, and Inspections:
Life Jackets and Lifebuoys: They must be stowed in an accessible place. Lifebuoys should be stowed on the stern of the boat and be easy to launch. Inflatable life jackets must be inspected annually at an authorized service station.
Element Navigation Zone 4 Navigation Zone 5, 6 Life Jackets 100% of People
SOLAS
CE (150 N)
(1)100% of People
SOLAS
CE (100 N)
(2)Lifebuoys 1 NO (1) CE approved life jacket; minimum buoyancy required according to UNE-EN 396:1995.
(2) CE approved life jacket; minimum buoyancy required according to UNE-EN 395:1995.Harnesses and Lifelines: Not mandatory but highly recommended. Their function is to prevent falls overboard. They consist of straps attached to a line with a carabiner that can be secured to strong points on board. It is advisable to rig a lifeline on each side of the boat. They must be stowed in an accessible place.
Pyrotechnics: Use only when there is a chance of being seen. Flares burn for about 60 seconds and can be seen from 7 to 15 km. Rockets can be seen from about 30 km. Store in a dry place away from heat sources. Handle with care and check expiration dates. All pyrotechnics must be approved in accordance with the provisions of Royal Decree 809/1999 of May 14.
Signal Type Navigation Zone 4 Navigation Zone 5, 6 Rockets with Red Parachute 6 — Hand Flares 6 3 Buoyant Smoke Signals 1 — Mooring Lines: Their length should be no less than five times the length of the boat. The length of the chain portion should be at least equal to the length of the boat, except for vessels under 6 m in length, where the rode may be entirely rope.
Length
(m)Anchor Weight
(kg)Chain Diameter
(mm)Rope Diameter
(mm)L = 3 3.5 6 10 L = 5 6 6 10 L = 7 10 6 10 L = 9 14 8 12 L = 12 20 8 12 L = 15 33 10 14 L = 18 46 10 14 L = 21 58 12 16 L = 24 75 12 16 For lengths between those indicated in the table, interpolate the values of weight, chain diameter, and rope diameter.
Navigation Equipment: Recreational boats must carry the navigation equipment listed in the table below.
Equipment Navigation Zone Requirements and Recommendations 4 5, 6 Compass 1 Vessels operating in Zone 4 must carry a steering compass. In all cases, avoid interference with the compass, such as that from radio equipment or electrical circuits. Binoculars 1 Charts and Nautical Publications 1 Carry charts covering the intended sailing area and pilots for the ports to be used. Fog Horn 1 1 May be manual, pressure-powered, or with replaceable gas cartridges. In the latter case, a diaphragm and a gas container are required. Bell or Similar 1 On vessels over 15 meters in length, the weight of the bell must be 5 kilograms or more. On vessels under 15 meters, a bell is not mandatory but there must be some means of making an effective sound signal. National Flag 1 1 Code Flags 1 1 Waterproof Flashlight 1 It must have a bulb and a spare set of batteries. Signal Mirror 1 1 Radar Reflector 1 Required on vessels with non-metallic hulls. Signal Code Book 1 1 If radio equipment is installed. Miscellaneous Equipment: All pleasure craft must carry the following miscellaneous equipment:
An emergency tiller for sailboats and a spare oar for single-engine vessels if the steering is remote, unless the outboard engine or transmission is in a well. At least two mooring lines of adequate strength and length for the size of the boat. A boathook. An oar of sufficient length and a suitable rowing device, or a pair of paddles for boats less than 6 meters in length (8 meters before Order FOM/1076/2006). On inflatable and semi-rigid inflatable boats, a pump and a puncture repair kit. A first aid kit: Vessels authorized for navigation in Zone 5 will require a Type 4 kit. Vessels authorized for navigation in Zone 4 will require a life raft type kit.
Fire Extinguishers: Extinguishers must be installed in easily accessible locations and as far away as possible from potential fire hazards. On boats with electrical systems operating at over 50 volts, one of the extinguishers must be suitable for electrical fires. Extinguishers must be type-approved and subject to regular inspections. Extinguishers must contain no less than 2 kilograms of extinguishing agent.
Depending on Length Enclosed Cabin and
Length1 of type 21B Between 10 and 15 meters 1 of type 21B Between 15 and 20 meters 2 of type 21B Between 20 and 24 meters 3 of type 21B
Depending on Power
(to be added to those required by length if it exceeds 10 meters)Power 1 Engine 2 Engines Less than 150 kW.
(1 of type 21B 2 of type 21B Between 150 and 300 kW.
(1 of type 34B 2 of type 21B Between 300 and 450 kW.
(1 of type 55B 2 of type 34B More than 450 kW.
(> 612 HP)1 of type 55B and the number required to cover the power above 450 kW. 2 of type 55B and the number required to cover the power above 450 kW. Types: 21B – 2 kg. dry powder or 3.5 CO2; 34B – 3 kg. dry powder or 5 CO2; 55B – 4 kg. dry powder.
On smaller boats with outboard motors under 20 HP, a fire extinguisher is not required.
Vessels equipped with a permanently installed fire suppression system must have a portable fire extinguisher located near the engine compartment, sufficient to cover a quarter of the engine power, without requiring more than one extinguisher.
On boats with gasoline engines, it is essential to have an extinguisher installed in the engine compartment to avoid having to open the compartment in case of fire.
For navigation in Zone 4, one fire bucket with a lanyard is required.
Bilge Pumping: Vessels must be equipped with the following bilge pumping arrangements, according to the navigation zone:
In Zones 4, 5, and 6, a bucket and a pump. On sailboats operating in Zones 4, 5, and 6, at least one manual pump must be permanently installed and operable from the cockpit with all hatches and accesses closed.
Capacity: The pump capacity must be no less than (at a pressure of 10 kPa):
10 liters/min for L 6 m. 30 liters/min for L >= 12 m.
For hand pumps, this capacity is achieved with 45 strokes per minute.
Emergencies at Sea
Personal Injury
General Rules: Move the casualty away from danger, assess the casualty, act promptly but without rushing.
Emergency Treatment:
Wounds: Disinfect with alcohol or iodine, cover with dressings, and administer painkillers.
Contusions: For head injuries, monitor for loss of consciousness and vomiting. For chest injuries, immobilize the chest in case of rib fractures. For abdominal injuries, only allow the casualty to drink liquids and contact medical services.
Bleeding: Arterial bleeding is bright red and spurts. It must be controlled quickly by applying pressure to the wound with a tourniquet. A tourniquet should not be left in place for more than 3 hours and should be loosened every 15 minutes. Venous bleeding is dark red and flows continuously. It can be controlled with a pressure bandage applied below the wound. Capillary bleeding is usually not serious.
Burns: First-degree burns (sunburn, etc.) can be treated with alcohol, petroleum jelly, boric acid, liquid paraffin, bicarbonate of soda, etc. Second-degree burns (blisters with clear fluid) should not be broken. Treat with antibiotic ointment, sterile dressings, and cover with gauze. Third-degree burns (caused by flames or hot objects, resulting in charred skin) should not be touched. Do not remove any charred tissue. Treat with antibiotic ointment and seek medical attention immediately.
Unconsciousness: Place the casualty in the recovery position (on their side).
Fractures and Dislocations: Immobilize the injury and administer pain medication.
Medical Radio Messages:
Operational Rules: Use VHF radio or mobile phone to contact a Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC). Medical calls take precedence over all other messages except distress calls.
Content: Provide clear and concise information about the patient, the nature of the illness or injury, relevant medical history, the circumstances of the emergency, the vessel’s details, and its position.
[Click here to see the text preceding the change of law]
Kit for Navigation Area “C”: Kit No. 1 containing:
Adhesive bandages, 1 large box and 1 small box
1 tube of antiseptic
1 tube of sunscreen
Bandage, 5 cm wide
Anti-inflammatory drops
Kit for Navigation Zone 5: For navigation in Zone 5, a Type 1 kit is required, containing:
Aspirin, 0.50 g tablets, 20 units. Mercurochrome, small bottle, 1 unit. Bandages, 2.5 x 5 cm and 10 x 6 cm, two of each. Adhesive tape, 2.5 x 5 cm, one roll. Antiseptic wipes, 1 box. Antibiotic cream. Cotton wool, 100 g, one package. Sterile gauze, 20 x 20 cm, one pack.
Kit for Navigation Zone 4: For navigation in Zone 4, a life raft type kit is required, containing:
*Only required if there are women on board
Medicines Action-Effect Active Ingredient Presentation Quantity Antianginal Nitroglycerin 20 tablets, 1 mg 1 box Antihemorrhagic Methylergometrine* 0.25 mg/ml drops, 10 ml 1 bottle Hemostatic Gelatin 1 sponge, 200 x 70 x 0.5 mm 1 unit Antiemetic Metoclopramide 30 tablets, 10 mg 1 box Antidiarrheal Loperamide 20 capsules, 2 mg 1 box Analgesic, Antipyretic
and Anti-inflammatoryAcetylsalicylic Acid 20 tablets, 500 mg 1 box Dipyrone 5 ampoules, 2 g 1 box Antiemetic Dimenhydrinate 12 tablets, 50 mg 1 box Antiseptic Povidone-iodine Topical solution, 10%, 125 ml 1 bottle
Medical Supplies Quantity Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation mask. Guedel airway, No. 3 or 4 1 unit Elastic adhesive bandages, 7.5 cm wide 1 unit Absorbent cotton, 100 g 1 package Sterile gauze compresses, 20 x 20 cm. Box of 40 units 1 box Hypoallergenic tape, 5 cm x 10 m 1 unit Latex gloves, size 8-9 2 pairs Sterile compression bandages, box of 3 units 1 box Plastic adhesive bandages, 6 cm x 1 m roll 1 box Adhesive sutures, 6 x 100 package 1 package Sterile petroleum jelly gauze, box with 20 envelopes, 7 x 9 cm 1 box Thermal insulation blanket for burns and hypothermia 1 unit Man Overboard
Prevention: Take precautions to prevent man overboard situations. Keep the deck clear of obstacles, wear appropriate footwear, exercise caution when moving around the boat, and avoid going on deck alone.
Safety Harnesses: It is advisable to rig lifelines and wear safety harnesses at night and in heavy weather.
Lighting: Adequate lighting should be provided for working on deck, but it should not interfere with navigation lights.
Stopping the Propeller: As soon as a person falls overboard, immediately shift the helm hard over towards the side they fell from to move the propeller away from them.
Signaling, Marking the Person, and Deploying a Lifebuoy: After shouting”Man Overboard” followed by”Por” or”Starboard” throw the lifebuoy towards the person in the water. Note the time and position of the incident. If you are unable to recover the person immediately, make a distress call on VHF Channel 16, repeating”PAN PAN PA” three times, followed by a description of the emergency, your position, and the time of the incident.
Approaching the Person: Approach the person in the water slowly, keeping the wind on the bow and maneuvering to approach them on the windward side. This will provide some shelter from the wind and waves.
Search Patterns: If the person is lost from sight, use one of the following search patterns:
Continuous Turn Method: Turn the vessel in a continuous circle.
Williamson Turn: Turn the helm hard over to one side. After the vessel has turned through 270 degrees, shift the helm hard over to the opposite side.
Boutakow Method: Turn the helm hard over to one side until the vessel has turned through 70 degrees. Then, shift the helm hard over to the opposite side.
One-Minute Rule: If the person is lost from sight, after completing a Williamson Turn, continue on the reciprocal course for one minute. Then, shift the helm hard over to the opposite side. After one minute, the vessel should be close to the person’s location.
GPS MOB Function: Most GPS units have a Man Overboard (MOB) function. When activated, it marks the position of the incident and provides a bearing and distance to that position.
Recovery: Recovery of a person from the water should be done with extreme caution, especially in rough seas. You can throw a line to the person, use a rescue sling, or, if another crew member is conscious and able, they can enter the water to assist.
Hypothermia: When the body temperature falls below 35 degrees Celsius, hypothermia sets in, causing fatigue, lack of coordination, and confusion. Below 31 degrees Celsius, unconsciousness may occur, and the pulse becomes weak.
Treatment and Resuscitation: Warm the person slowly, provide warm, sugary drinks, and keep them immobilized. Do not immerse them in hot water.
Rescue Breathing: Lay the casualty on their back and tilt their head back. Pinch their nostrils closed, seal your lips over their mouth, and blow into their mouth while watching for their chest to rise. Repeat this 12 to 20 times per minute.
Cardiac Massage: Place one hand on top of the other, interlacing your fingers, and position the heel of your hand on the center of the casualty’s chest, just below the nipples. Press down firmly and quickly, compressing the chest by about 2 inches. Repeat this 100 to 120 times per minute. Alternate between rescue breathing and chest compressions.
Steering Failure
Loss of Steering: If the steering fails due to a mechanical failure in the steering gear, try to regain control using an emergency tiller or by connecting a steering line directly to the rudder. If the rudder blade is damaged, you will need to improvise a steering method.
Jury Steering: You can use a paddle or any other flat surface as a makeshift rudder. You can also use two lines with buckets attached, one on each side of the boat. By hauling on one line and then the other, you can create some steerage.
Adrift: If the vessel is adrift and you are unable to regain control, make a distress call and request assistance.
Towing
Approaching for Towing: Always approach the vessel to be towed slowly and carefully. Pass a line to the other vessel, keeping in mind that they should be on the windward side. If the towing vessel is much larger than the vessel being towed, you can use the larger vessel’s wake to your advantage. If it is not possible to approach closely, you can use a heaving line to pass the towline.
Securing the Towline: The towline should be strong and have some elasticity to absorb shock loads. The length of the towline will depend on the sea state. The towline should be secured to strong points on both vessels.
Towing Maneuvers: Course changes should be made gradually. The towed vessel should try to follow the towing vessel and may need to steer slightly in the opposite direction to keep the towline taut. Speed changes should be made very gradually, especially when using a nylon towline, and should not exceed 10 knots. Monitor the towline and its attachments regularly.
Collision
Assessing Damage: If a collision occurs, stop the vessel and check for damage. Do not separate the vessels until you are certain that it is safe to do so, as they may be in contact to prevent further flooding. Assist the other vessel and check for injuries. Record all details of the incident in the logbook and make a formal report to the relevant authorities. You should also report the incident to your insurance company.
Grounding
Actions to Take After Grounding:
Assess Damage: Check for damage to the vessel before attempting to refloat.
Refloating: Consider if you can redistribute weight, jettison heavy items, shift weight forward or aft, wait for high tide, or use a tow to refloat the vessel.
Hull Strength: If the vessel is aground at high tide, the falling tide can cause structural damage.
Stability: If the vessel’s stability has been compromised, the falling tide can cause it to heel over dangerously. Be prepared to take action to counter this.
Water Ingress and Flooding
Common Sources of Leaks: Leaks can occur from various sources, including collisions, groundings, worn rivets or hull fittings, damage to the propeller or rudder, open seacocks, burst hoses, and holes in the exhaust system.
Bilge Pumps: Manual bilge pumps can be fixed or portable and should have a capacity of at least 0.5 liters per stroke. Electric bilge pumps should have a capacity of at least 1,800 liters per hour and be able to run continuously for 2 hours.
Engine Cooling Pump: If the engine cooling pump fails, the engine will overheat and may be seriously damaged. Stop the engine immediately if you suspect a cooling system failure.
Leak Control and Plugging:
Plugs: Tapered wooden plugs can be used to plug small holes.
Mats: In an emergency, mats, blankets, or sticks wrapped in cloth can be used to plug larger holes.
Collision Mats: These are reinforced canvas mats designed to be placed over holes in the hull from the outside.
Other Materials: Clamps, cloth, canvas patches, silicone sealant, and expanding rubber plugs can also be used to control leaks.
Fire and Explosion Prevention
Potential Fire Hazards:
Galley: Always turn off the propane supply at the cylinder when the galley is not in use. Keep a fire blanket handy to extinguish small galley fires.
Engine Room: Check for fuel leaks regularly. Ensure adequate ventilation to prevent the buildup of flammable fumes.
Fueling: Avoid spills when fueling. Close fuel vents when not in use.
Batteries: Battery acid is corrosive and can produce explosive and toxic gases. Ensure adequate ventilation and check for leaks regularly.
Electrical System: Ensure all wiring and connections are properly protected. Avoid overloading circuits.
Paint Locker: Keep the paint locker well ventilated and away from heat sources.
The Fire Triangle:
The fire triangle represents the three elements necessary for a fire to start: oxygen, heat, and fuel. Removing any one of these elements will extinguish the fire.
Oxygen: Fire consumes oxygen.
Engine: is any factor which may burn: gases (butane), liquid (petrol) or solid (paper, wood).
Temperature: in addition to heat produced during combustion, its presence can ignite some materials.
Chain Reaction: are internal processes in the combustion process can be eliminated by means of certain products.
How to proceed to a fire:
Location: we know where the fire, what it is producing, what materials are nearby, what elements can help its spread.
Confinement: we isolate in fire and prevent its spread, closing gates, fans, etc.. We must bear in mind that heat is transferred by radiation, conduction and convection.
Extinction should delete certain items from the ring of fire to extinguish. Suppressed by the removal of oxygen, reducing the temperature cooling, eliminating the fuel or cutting the chain reaction.
Extinguishing Procedures:
Types of fires and extinguishing procedure Kind Source Measures Extinction A Solid Avoid spreading.
Disconnect electrical equipment nearby.Water cooling. Also suppress dust with foam or ABC. B Liquids Cut product spills.
Absorb with sand.
Cool containers exposed to fire.Choking with foam, ABC powder or C0 2. It also can be cooled with water spray. C Gases Cut gas flow.
Disperse gas clouds or fog of water vapor pressure.ABC powder suffocation. You can also use water spray or C0 2. D Metals Special Powder (D).
Prohibited use water, foam, C0 2 or ABC powder.E In the presence of live electrical equipment Disconnect or cut electrical equipment by the board. Smothering with ABC powder or C0 2.
Prohibited use water or foam.General measures: they should avoid suddenly opened the compartments do not enter into closed compartments without masks properly, otherwise there can suffocate or explosion hazard must leave the ship, it must prevent the spread to locations with fuel ; you should avoid the spread of fire gases.
Socaire fire, due to the apparent wind is zero: the source of fire should be downwind, to prevent spreading. If possible the same course and sail to the wind speed to produce a zero apparent wind and facilitate control over it.
Sinking the boat: if the fire was impossible to suppress and we had the chance to sink the boat, opening the taps in the background, in a shallow aplacerado to be able to refloat.
3.7.9 .- Measures to be taken before leaving the boat.
Risk of abandonment precipitate: Before leaving a boat must be completely sure that this is less certain that the environment around us. In general you should avoid hasty abandonment of the vessel.
Clothing, personal equipment, material and measures must be taken before leaving the boat: we should go fully clothed with a garment for the head, but wearing socks without shoes, put on our lifejackets, hydrostatic everything afloat supplying water and food, we must be guided, abandoned by band windward us away from the boat to avoid the suction of the sinking.
Message to deliver: on VHF Channel 16 “MAY DAY (three times), HERE (or DELTA ECHO) and the vessel’s identification, location and circumstances.” For the same phone calling 900 202 202.
How to use pyrotechnics: only be used if the cerceza of us can see, should be released to leeward, it should read the instructions, are flammable, its use can be dangerous innadecuado.
3.7.10 .- state of marine salvage company.
Agency created in 1992 by the Law of the State Ports and Merchant Marine, you are search services, search and rescue, and helps control traffic, prevent and combat pollution, towing and other complementary the above.
Local, regional and zonal centers:
Location and coverage:
NACC: National Rescue Coordination, which coordinates all the peripheral and provides liaison and coordination with the Centers equivalents worldwide. The CNCS has coverage of communications in the area A3 (between parallels 70 ‘N and 70’ S).
CZCS: Zonal Coordinating Center Rescue, which covers radiogoniometric to radar and separation of traffic and communications coverage in the A2 area (minimum 100 miles).
CRCS: Regional Coordination Center Rescue, which covers areas radiogoniometric radar and approach to different ports and coastal areas, and communications in the area A2 (minimum 100 miles).
CLCS: Center Local Rescue Coordination that covers radar, finders and VHF communications maneuvering approach and entry / exit to / from ports special risk. The CLCS have communications coverage in the area (20-30 miles).
Way of connecting with them via VHF channel 16 and on telephone 900 202 202. You can also call each of the centers:
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4. Navigation
4.1 .- Theoretical Knowledge:
4.1.1 .- Axis, poles, Ecuador, meridians and parallels:
H: is the diameter around which the earth.
Poles are the endpoints of the axis of the Earth: North and South.
Ecuador: the maximum circumference is perpendicular to the axis of the earth and divides it into two hemispheres: North and South.
Meridians: they are great circles passing through the poles, perpendicular to Ecuador.
Parallel: children are circles parallel to Ecuador. Special attention deserve the Tropic of Cancer to the north, the Tropic of Capricorn to the south, the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.
Meridiano zero in order to take a starting point or origin of the measurement of the meridian was adopted universally passing through the Greenwich Observatory (Prime Meridian, Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian).
Meridian of the place: it is the meridian that passes through the point where we are. The two semicircles of longitude divided by the poles are called upper meridian (which we are) and less than or antimeridiano meridian.
Latitude: is the arc of meridian of the place counted from Ecuador to the parallel of the place. Its symbol is “l” lowercase. It is measured from Ecuador and may be North (N) or south (S), and never have a value greater than 90 degrees.
Length: is the arc of Ecuador told from the Greenwich meridian to the meridian of the place. Its symbol is “L” capitalized. Their values range from 0 ° to 180 ° east (E) or West (W) of the prime meridian.
4.1.2 .- navigation charts
General: the charts are flat or maps used for navigation.
Types of cards:
Letters according to their scale Point Charter Scale Use Minor General 1/30.000.000 to 1/3.000.000 Ocean navigation Disposing 1/3.000.000 to 1/200.000 Direct course Major Coastal Navigation 1/50.000 to 1/200.000 Navigation with the coast in sight Aproches or homing 1/25.000 Approach to ports and other points along the coast Portolan Ports, harbors or other details of the coast Cartridges: some cards are inserted in a given area on a larger scale, this attachment is called a cartridge.
Information provided by the letters: the letters included information on accidents of the coast (capes, bays, creeks), terrain features (mountains, rivers), landmarks (churches, towers, antennas), lights (headlights), probes, nature of the fund, marks, buoys, hazards, prohibited areas, surface hazards such as rocks, reefs and wrecks, magnetic declination and annual change, and so on.
Important signs and abbreviations used in nautical charts:
Lighthouses: tear is represented as a dark red. Shows the characteristics of light (eg Gp D (4) 20s 30M)
Lanterns of port: is represented as a dark red tear smaller. Shows the characteristics of light (eg Gp D (2) R 6s 13M)
Probes: These are the numbers that appear in the letter on the merits.
Nature of fund: may be A-sand-mud F, P-stone Alg-algae; Co-gravel; Go-pebble, R-rock Cl-coral.
Ridges: depth contours are lines that have equal depth.
Magnetic declination: it is a compass rose drawn on the letter that includes within it the value and date that marks the decline and annual variation (eg 4 º 25’W 1994 (8’E)).
4.1.3 .- Nautical publications of interest:
Paths: they describe the costs for port calls with useful information and approaches to ports.
Navigational guides for boating: These are documents that describe the aids to the navigator, such as first aid manual, the regulation of communications and international code of signals.
Lists of lights: they contain information useful for recognition of lighthouses, buoys and other light brands.
Tide tables: collect the information necessary for the calculation of tides in different days and places.
All these documents are published by the Hydrographic Institute of the Navy for the Spanish coast.
4.1.4 .- coastal navigation charts:
Meridians: in the letter are the vertical lines.
Parallel: in the letter are the horizontal lines.
Scales latitudes are located to the left and right margins of the letter. In the northern hemisphere increases upwards and south downwards.
Length scales: they are situated at the top and bottom of the letter. East of longitude 0 ° increases from left to right, west from right to left.
Dec: is a compass rose drawn on the letter that includes within it the value and date that marks the decline and annual variation.
4.1.5 .- Measures
Nautical Mile: equals the length of one minute of arc of meridian (1,852 meters).
1 mile = 10 cables = ± 1,000 fathoms = ± 2,000 yards = 1,852 feet.
1 cable = 100 fathoms = 185.2 meters.
1 fathom = 2 yards = 6 feet = 1.83 meters.
1 yard = 3 feet = ½ fathom. = 91.44 inches.
1 foot = 12 inches = 30.48 centimeters.
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters.
Knot: A unit of speed equivalent to one mile per hour.
Way to measure the distance on the chart:
1) With the dividers the distance noted in the letter.
2) We the opening of the compass on the scale of latitudes (right or left of the letter).
3) Every minute of the scale of latitude equals one mile.
4.1.6 .- Directions
Direction: the angle formed by the fore-aft line with the meridian of the place or to the north. According to the North that we refer to the course will be true (geographic), magnetic or needle.
Circular is measured from 000 º to 360 º in the sense of clockwise.
Quadrantal are measured from 00 ° to 90 ° and is counted from the N or S to the E and W. They are expressed by saying N or S the number of degrees from this direction towards the E or W, for example, S80W.
Conversions:
From quadrantal to move:
First quadrant: N 45 E = 045 º.
Second quadrant: S 45 E = 180 º – 45 º = 135 º.
Third quadrant: S 45 W = 180 º + 45 º = 225 º.
Fourth quadrant: N 45 W = 360 º – 45 º = 315 º.
I travel to quadrantal:
First quadrant: 45 º = N 45 E.
Second quadrant: 135 º = 180 º – 135 º = S 45 E.
Third quadrant: 225 º = 225 º – 180 º = S 45 W.
Fourth quadrant: 323 º = 360 º – 323 º = N 45 W.
Compass rose: or compass divides the horizon into 32 equal parts.
The first division are the cardinal points:
N-0 º E-90 º S-180 º W-270 º
Divided in half quadrantal Bearings are obtained:
NE-045 SE-135 º º 225 º SW-NW-315 º
These are subdivided for Octantales Bearings:
NNE-22 º 30 ‘JAN-67 º 30’ ESE-112 º 30 ‘SSE-157 º 30’ SSW-202 º 30 ‘WSW-247 º 30’ NW-292 º 30 ‘NNW-337 º 30’
Finally, divide again to finally obtain the Fourth with a value of 11 º 15 ‘.
4.1.7 .- rudiments of terrestrial magnetism.
Magnetism is the property that has a magnet to attract or repel certain metals. The Earth behaves as a large spherical permanent magnet, so that a freely rotating magnet is directed towards the respective magnetic poles of the Earth, which do not exactly match the geographies.
4.1.8 .- Magnetic declination
Magnetic declination: the geographic poles do not coincide with the magnetic poles, there is a difference between the geographical meridian and magnetic meridian, the angle between the two is called magnetic declination (dm). The dm can be to the NE (+) or towards the NW (-).
Local variation: the value of dm is different for every point on Earth and is changing over time. The dm for a given place on earth is called local variation.
How to update: To get the dm of a particular place for a specific date just check the letter and get the data for the decline included therein. To correct it using the following formula:
dm = VariaciónInicial + (± VariciónAnual * NúmeroAños)
If the letter indicates 4 º 25 W 1994 (8 ‘E), for the year 2003 will: dm = -4 ° 25′ + (+8’ * 9) = -4 ° 25 ‘+ (+1 ° 12’) = -3 º 13 ‘= -3, 2nd (as expressed as degrees and tenths of a degree)
4.1.9 .- Nautical Needle
Description: This is a magnetized needle that tends to draw the same magnetic direction. Consists primarily of a series of magnets.
Rosa: disco light where the magnets are situated and has recorded the horizon 360 degrees.
Capital and Style in the center of the rose is a slit (spire or steeple) which rests on the tip of the style that allows the pan.
Biker: a metal box with glass cover, which contains the entire set, which rests on a suspension system called Cardan and usually is full of distilled water and alcohol.
Faith Line: A mark indicating the fore-aft line (cracked).
Blog: support on which you placed the rider.
Installation: should install it on the centreline, so the line of faith indicates the fore-aft direction correctly. It must be visible at all times to the helmsman.
Interference: the needle is subject to perturbations due to fields different from the terrestrial magnetic field such as metal objects, electrical and thunderstorms.
Diversion .- 4.1.10
Diversion of the needle: the magnetic disturbances occur on the needle does not match the magnetic meridian of the place and direction of the needle, the angle between the two is called the deviation (?). It can be positive (NE) or negative (NW).
Tablet diversion: is the relationship, conducted by a professional, like deviations in each direction 15 degrees.
4.1.11 .- total correction
Calculating from the decline and diversion: is the sum (each with its sign) of magnetic declination and diversion.
Ct = (± dm) + (± ?)
If dm = NW 7th and ? = NE 3rd Ct + +3 = -7 º º º = -4
North:
True North: is the geographic north.
Magnetic North: it is marked by the magnetic pole has a declination of true north.
North needlework: it is that makes the needle board and has a detour on the magnetic north.
4.1.12 .- Types of course
Heading True (Rv) is the angle between the direction of the nose with the true meridian of the place. It’s we get in the chart.
Magnetic heading (Rm) is the angle between the direction of the nose with the magnetic meridian of the place.
Needle direction (Ra) is the angle between the direction of the nose with the NS line of the needle. It’s that we get from the observation of magnetic pink board.
Relationship between them: To manage the relationships between different types of bearings will be used the following generic formula:
Rv = Ra + (± dm) + (± ?)
This formula can be deployed with the following combinations:
We know Rv Ra Rm We obtain Rv = Rv = Ra + (± Ct) Rv = M + (± dm) Ra Ra = Rv – (± Ct) = Ra = M – (± ?) Rm Rm = Rv – (± dm) Rm = Ra + (± ?) = 4.1.13 .- Coefficient of sliding.
Slide: is the instrument used to measure the distance traveled and speed of the boat.
Sliding coefficient: Ratio between the true velocity and the speed set by the slide.
K = velocity (or distance) true / speed (or distance) from sliding
Multiplying that makes the slide by the coefficient K will give us the speed or the actual distance traveled.
Fourth .- 4.1.14. Wind, depression, surface course. Currents and their influence.
Fourth, each of the 32 parts or directions in which the compass is divided, equal to 11 º 15 ‘. It uses related to the direction from which wind, so for example, navigate to 8 quarters is navigate through or catch the wind at 90 degrees.
Wind is moving air. Remember that always indicates the direction where the wind comes.
Surface Course: This is the real defeat or effectively navigated the displacement caused by the wind exerted on the boat.
Abatement: is the angle between the true course (direction of the bow) and direction of surface (Ab = Rs – Rv). When winds abate the ship to starboard depression is considered a positive (+) port and negative (-).
Rs = Rv + (± Ab)
Countering the gloom: To correct the drift and finally make a desired surface course simply change the true course in the opposite direction to abate.
Rv = Rs – (± Ab)
Currents: are the movements of water in a certain direction. It indicates the direction towards which conducts current and expresses its speed (intensity of the current time, IHC) in knots, ie miles traveled in an hour.
Influence of the current in the course: the current produces a variation on the boat on course and speed to move the medium on which it travels.
Drifting: is the angle between the true course (direction of the bow) and the actual direction (on the bottom) made by the ship. The actual speed is what really will ship the effect of current. To know the actual course and speed using a graphical method by means of vectors.
Counteract the drift: you must follow a true course toward the opposite direction of current. To calculate your course and direction to use a graphical method by means of vectors.
4.1.15 .- Lines of position
Leading line: the line connecting two or visual objects or marks. This Leading line on the chart corresponds to the line that passes through two brands represented in it.
Delay: is the angle between the North line of sight directed to a point. Obtaining this angle is made with the compass needle alidade the Delay (Da), this bar is influenced by the magnetic declination and detours, so to draw on the letter the True bearing (dv) we must apply the fix overall.
Oppositions: Leading line is when the two elements are on either side of the observer 180 º.
Distances: we use the log and depth sounder.
Ridges: in the charts is the line connecting points of equal depth (also called contour). It can serve to move to the letter and to follow a safe course.
Obtaining lines with the needle position and transform them into true to its path in the letter: It should be applied to move from total correction gives Dv. When plotted on the chart are plotted the opposite Dv, ie we must add 180 degrees.
Dv = Da + (± Ct)
Use of headed down, delay and position sensors as security lines:
They turned: it is the safest position lines, as the Leading line is not affected by visual errors. There’s only more to draw the line in the letter that passes through the colon.
Delays: are subject to errors of assessment and must be taken into consideration at least two or three.
Probes: may be affected by movements in the background or lack of precision in the cards. Follow a contour as safety course a fairly common practice in low visibility.
4.1.16 .- Speed
Speed: is the angle between the fore-aft line with the visual reference point. Are counted from 0 º to each band up to 180 degrees (Starboard +, Babor -). Also you can count from 0 º to 360 º from the bow.
Relationship between direction, delay and Dial directions and delays have to reciprocate, ie that if we work with the true course will obtain the true bearing.
Cv = Rv + (± M)
4.1.17 .- Navigation aids
Trademarks: These are points on the ground that serve as reference for navigators.
Lights and signals at sea:
Lighthouses: Towers still on the coast, low and islands. By day they differ from each other by physical appearance (eye-catching paintings, stripes, type of building, etc..) Night appearances are identified by their light. They usually emit radio signals.
Lanterns: smaller headlights light output, fixed on the ends of the breakwaters of the docks, seawalls, etc.. Serve to indicate the mouth of the port, the head of the docks, the reefs close to shore, and so on.
Buoys and beacons: the fixed bollards (posts or pillars in shallow water) or signaled channel indicate underworld. Buoys are floating beacons that light can have a short range.
4.2 .- Exercises on the chart:
4.2.1 .- Given a point on the chart, knowing its coordinates. Given the coordinates of a point, placing it in the letter.
4.2.2 .- Measurement of distances. Method of drawing and measuring directions.
4.2.3 .- Concept elementary graphic reckoning in the letter.
4.2.4 .- Heading to go to a specific distance from the coast or danger. Correct the course when you have depression. Correct the course when any draft.
4.2.5 .- layout and extent of delays and headed to the conveyor.
4.2.6 .- The Leading line delays and opposition as true. Calculation of the total correction from a Leading line of tablet and detours.
4.2.7 .- Obtain the situation for a delay, a Leading line or an opposition, and simultaneous contour line.
4.2.8 .- Position by simultaneous bearings, knowing the course.
4.2.9 .- Obtain the situation from two concurrent delay, delay and distance. Delay and Simultaneous Leading line or two we headed. Conditions to be met for the position lines are reliable.
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