Scientific Knowledge: Methods, Attitudes, and Values
Knowledge of a Scientist
A scientist must know certain facts, terms, and theories related to what we call experimental science. A scientist demonstrates the dominance of certain methods, skills, techniques, tools, and instruments. The scientific nature involves displaying specific attitudes or affect, such as curiosity and others, like feeling satisfaction in learning.
Cotton Test
- Read and care for articles and science news.
- Know how to locate scientific information when needed.
- Manifest critical sense when defending or rejecting ideas.
- Express ideas both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Is There a Scientific Method? Scientific Attitudes
Scientific Attitudes are the essentials of science, which remain unchanged. These are the values of science: respect for logic and skepticism.
Methods and Tools for Experimentation
- Ask a Question
- Find information
- Observe, describe, measure, classify
- Identify the dependent variables of a phenomenon
- Formulate a hypothesis
Knowledge
- Phenomenological
- Experimental
- Theoretical: Expresses cause-effect relationships
- Philosophical: Leads us to a recognition that the science concepts used are human inventions, not immutable truths
- Wise: In everyday life, now science, with other aspects of culture and science.
Scientific Texts
Science should be communicated to the rest of society.
- Scientists use journals to publish their work.
- Science is also communicated through newspapers, books, and other publications. The reading of scientific articles should be comprehensive and detailed.
Scientific Method
Facts or phenomena are under observation. The comments allow you to raise issues or questions. Observations are also influenced by the theory. Problems or questions are solved with data collection. The collection of data and information suggests explanatory hypotheses. The testable hypotheses by experiment provide new data and information. If the contrasting hypotheses are verified, laws and models are organized into theories. If the testable hypotheses are refuted, they lead back to other hypotheses.
Values of Science
- Curiosity: Science is, above all, an insatiable desire to know and understand, that can be manifested in many ways.
- Skepticism: The science requirement promotes research, testing, and continuous assessment of knowledge.
- Rationale: The use of the deductive and inductive method. It is the reasoned search for causes and reasons of the phenomena.
- Universality: What is valid for one person is suitable for all human beings regardless of race, religion, or culture.
- Communism: The large fruits of science, general scientific knowledge, concepts, theories, models, and laws belong to all human beings.
- Provisional: Is an essential feature of scientific knowledge.
- Self-criticism: Science is critical to itself and should be open to scrutiny by social, history, and culture.
- Open: Involves availability to accept the ideas of others.
- Creativity: Develop original relationships in which no one had thought, raise new perspectives when viewing or analyzing a phenomenon.
Effects of Science in Culture: Progress of Science
- The concept of death has changed since I have started to use the EEG to define it.
- The Internet allows two people to frequently and regularly exchange thoughts and ideas, even though they are thousands of kilometers apart.
Inductive Method
It is a scientific method that draws general conclusions for something particular.
Deductive Method
As opposed to inductive reasoning in which laws are formulated from observed facts, deductive reasoning follows the same facts based on the general law.