Short Legal Questions and Physiotherapy Concepts

Posted on Sep 8, 2024 in Psychology and Sociology

SHORT LEGAL QUESTIONS

1. DEFINITION Impairment, Activity Limitation (Disability) and Restriction in Participation (Handicap):

Deficiency: An issue in the functions (body systems) or the body structures (of organs or limbs).

Activity Limitation (Disability): The difficulties that a person can have in the performance or conduct of activities.

Participation Restrictions (Handicap): The problems that a person may experience in involvement in life situations.

2. Health Components Related to Operation:

– At the Body Level:

  • Body Functions: Physiological functions of body systems (including mental functions). We refer to: mental functions, functions of the cardiovascular systems, sensory, and neuromuscular functions related to movement…
  • Body Structures: They are structural or anatomical parts of the body such as organs or limbs and its components. STRUCTURE & FUNCTION.

– At the Individual Level:

  • Activities: Performing a task or action by a person (e.g., washing, moving an object with your hand).
  • Participation: The act of the person involved in situations of interaction (e.g., playing cards).

3. Model of Action in Physiotherapy as CIF. Brief Explanation.

ICF: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

Model of Performance in Physiotherapy

(Deficiency/Disorder/Disease/Pathology, e.g., loss of strength) (Activity Limitations) (Participation Restrictions – Handicap)

Formula

Physiotherapy

A fracture (trauma) causes a loss of mobility and pain and impaired function of certain activities. The physiotherapist’s role is to reduce the weaknesses and retrieve technical capacity in the implementation of activities.

4. Definition of Physiotherapy as a Discipline and Profession:

Definition of Physiotherapy as a Discipline: “Art and science of physical treatment, i.e., the set of techniques that, by applying physical means (therapeutic exercise, heat, cold, light, water therapy, manual and power), cure, prevent, recover and adapt to people affected by somatic dysfunction or which are to be maintained at an adequate level of health.” (WCPT, 1967).

Definition of Physiotherapy as a Profession: Physical therapy is the service provided by or under the direction and supervision of a physiotherapist and includes the assessment, diagnosis, physiotherapy, planning, intervention, and reassessment. (WCPT, 1999).

5. Definition of Physical Agent, Effects, and Classification by Category:

  • A Physical Agent: Those elements of physical energy transmitters capable of acting on the body.
  • Effects: The therapeutic use of physical agents provides the body with a given physical energy that may be mechanical, thermal, or electromagnetic. This energy is absorbed by the body and produces a primary effect that may be thermal (heat), kinetic (mobilization), or chemical (chemical reactions). This effect becomes secondary. That transformation we want to produce a biological change.
  • Sorting by Category:
    • Mechanical: Half (brace), static work, mobilization (traction and compression), massage therapy, sismoterapia, sound, ultrasound.
    • Electromagnetic: Electric currents (TENS), agents of deep heat (high frequency and short wave), infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), laser radiation.
    • Thermal: Superficial heat agents (salt or hot sand), agents of cold (ice).
    • Complex: Water (whirlpool bath). Double effect: thermal-mechanical.

6. Amplitude of the Problems to be Addressed by Physiotherapy.

Level of attention from physical therapy (WPTC):

  • Promoting health and welfare of the individual and society in general.
  • Prevention of impairments, activity limitations, and disabilities in individuals at risk due to health condition and/or contextual facilitators.
  • Assistance to: The recovery of the integrity and function of systems. Reducing disability (compensation). Increased quality of life (welfare) to individuals and groups affected by disabilities.

The assistance is related to the process:

  • Healing/Recovery (+95%): Full recovery.
  • Rehabilitation (5%): Functionality is restored to the maximum in the gaps and limitations of permanent business opportunities, social, emotional aspects of the individual, i.e., all aspects of it through the participation of many professionals.

Physiotherapy directs its activity to health conditions that may be susceptible to recovery problems, deteriorating, or stable. It is done individually or by age groups.

7. Roles of the Physiotherapy Profession. Brief Description.

Physiotherapists can develop a function:

  • Healthcare: Benefits for services as health care. They are dedicated to treating the patient. It is the most frequent role.
  • Teaching: Physical therapists who teach theory and practice in undergraduate (college) and graduate (training courses).
  • Research: Few do exclusively. Physiotherapists in care are beginning to devote part of their time to research. It is a cross-cutting element that allows physiotherapy to improve their work.
  • Management: Direct and supervise. They are usually the heads of management services. Coordinate resources, patients, professionals.

Roles of the profession: Providing direct services, collaborating with other professionals, providing prevention and wellness services, teaching, managing, and critically evaluating research, managing, and supervising.

8. Elements of the Process of Care in Physiotherapy. Brief Description.

  1. Assessment:
    • Includes: Collection of information (examination) where the patient participates (Medical History & Physical Examination). Clinical trials with the results of the examination (evaluation).
    • Objectives: Identify and define the patient’s problems. Judge issues affecting the onset or development of the intervention. Establish effective communication with the patient. Establish an information base.
  2. Physiotherapy Diagnosis: The identification of existing or potential gaps and/or limited activities to establish guiding treatment planning. Allows specific treatments to be used. Is a process of definition because it allows you to define the relevant activities for the patient, the deficiencies that affect the activities, and the primary deficiencies or activities that can sustain or cause these deficiencies.
  3. Planning:
    • Outline of how you will be managing the patient: Consultation or referral to other professionals. Started an intervention program.
    • Includes: Establishing goals (expected goals). Selection of interventions. Definition of the duration and frequency. Establishment of discharge criteria.
  4. Intervention: The application of the technique of treatment that we have undertaken with the patient in the planning process to address weaknesses and activity limitations presented by the individual.
  5. Reappraisal:
    • To determine whether the patient has improved with the proposed treatment.
    • End evaluation to assess the results and make a report.

9. Components of the Assessment by the Physiotherapist. Brief Description. Difference with Medical Evaluation.

  1. History Clinic or Anamnesis: Process of collecting information on the current health status of the patient and the patient’s history related.
    • Data: Socio-demographic, environmental, general health status, history of medical and surgical care, current health conditions, medications, and reports.
    • Sources: Client-patient-family caregiver-other team members, reports, or patient records.
  2. Physical: Information gathering process by test evidence or trying to verify and supplement the patient profile obtained in the clinical history. It is the final process of the whole evaluation process.
    • Source: Patient.
    • Tests: Mobility, strength, sensation, activities.
  3. Differences with Medical Evaluation: The physiotherapist assesses the functioning and alteration (the impairment and activity limitation) and the medical disorders, diseases, and conditions).

10. Physiotherapeutic Diagnostic Concept:

The identification of existing or potential gaps and/or limited activities to establish guiding treatment planning. Allows specific treatments to be used. It’s a process of definition because it allows you to define the relevant activities for the patient, the deficiencies that affect the activities, and the primary deficiencies or activities that can sustain or cause these deficiencies.

Differences with the Medical Diagnosis: The medical diagnosis identifies the disorder, disease, and pathology while the physiotherapy diagnosis identifies gaps and limitations in activity.

11. Defining Goals of the Intervention (Physiotherapy Care Process) and Types.

The goals are the expected goals we want to achieve by applying a certain treatment. To do this, it requires patient involvement in treatment (treatment adherence).

Types:

  • Depending on the type of results: Changes in the gaps and limited activities. Reduction or prevention of risk factors. Improved quality of life. Optimization of satisfaction.
  • According to the timeframe: Short, medium, and long term.

12. Types of Interventions in the Care Process by Physiotherapist:

  • Coordination (processes) and documentation (registry entry).
  • Information and education: Health problems. Treatment plan. Home therapeutic exercises. Tips on risk factors. General health advice.
  • Therapeutic procedures: Type of treatment techniques that are going to be selected.
  • Criteria: Effectiveness (key parameter) and cost. Ideally, greater cost-effectiveness is lower.

13. Phases of a Clinical Interview:

  • Exploratory Phase: Try to understand what the problem is. The consultant uses techniques for draining information from you:
    • Establishing a relationship of trust.
    • In-depth study on the ground consultation, diagnosis by the physiotherapist: anamnesis. Exploration.
  • Decisive Phase: We try to reach an agreement to resolve the problem:
    • Information.
    • Negotiation.
    • Summary and verification.

14. Factors to Consider in the Work of a Clinical Interview. List and Brief Description:

  • Main tasks in an interview: Engage, empathize, educate, and enroll expectations. They are interconnected and difficult to separate.
  • Factors considered functional tasks and contribute to the successful development of the interview are as follows:
    • Context or environment conducive to the interview: Will take into account the image of the profession, proxemics, body language, and paralinguistic components.
    • Listen: The goal is to enhance the narrative of the patient.
    • Understanding: To attract and recognize what the patient feels and expresses.
    • Strategy: Develop an action plan together with the patient.
    • General Summary: A brief outline of what is seen and what to do in the future.

17. Define the Concepts of Validity and Reliability. Give an Example of a Situation of Reliability and Validity. Give an Example of a Situation of No Reliability and Validity.

RELIABILITY = REPRODUCIBILITY -> Precision or accuracy of the measure. Degree of stability and reproducibility of successive measures, including mobility, strength… on the same subjects.

VALIDITY -> Is the degree to which a measuring instrument measures what it really wants or is measured.

EXAMPLE OF A SITUATION OF NO RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: A person who weighs 60 kg and is weighed three times in succession on a scale that indicates that they weigh 20 kg.

EXAMPLE OF A SITUATION OF NO RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: A woman takes a pregnancy test and it says yes, she is pregnant, and the next day she takes it and it says she is not pregnant. The measuring instrument is validated.