Social Contract Theories: Hobbes, Locke, and Rawls
The social contract is a theory that addresses the circumstances of absolute freedom and absolute power without restraint. Each individual attempts to impose their will on others, reflecting the pessimistic view of “Homo homini lupus” (man is a wolf). This state of nature, characterized by absolute freedom, is a state of fear. To overcome this, the social contract emerges, based on two ideas: the state is a product of fear, and the state must be powerful to impose its will on its citizens.
Locke’s Perspective
Locke realized that individuals primarily desire basic necessities, not just security. Passions, emotions, and desires lead to violence and insecurities, hindering the natural tendency to achieve these necessities. The goal of the social contract, according to Locke, is to preserve natural rights, especially the right to property. The state must guarantee life and the rights that enable us to acquire basic necessities. Hobbes focuses on life, while Locke emphasizes other aspects beyond mere survival.
Rawls’ Theory of Justice
Rawls is a key contemporary author on the social contract, known for “A Theory of Justice” (1978). He argues that society is not a natural occurrence but a construct. Rawls is concerned with discovering the foundations of justice in contemporary society.
Liberalism: Diverse Approaches
Liberalism, as a political regime, must be limited to protect individual freedom. It encompasses heterogeneous approaches. The first is an economic approach, advocating for a self-regulated society and respect for economic freedom. The second is philosophical political liberalism, which addresses human nature and the origins of society (Hobbes, Locke, Rawls). A third type of liberalism (20th century) is anti-totalitarian or anti-ideological liberalism (K.R. Popper, R. Aron).
Key Concepts
- State of Nature: The condition of human life on Earth where individuals live in isolation, anarchically, with complete freedom and autonomy. Every individual is free and self-sufficient. The natural and original human condition is life without social organization. This concept explains why society exists; the problem is security.
- Social Contract: A collective decision to create a superior power, where everyone gives up some freedom and power to this new authority. While everyone desires freedom, absolute freedom leads to insecurity, which the state is created to solve.
Hobbes’ Contribution
Hobbes introduced the initial concept of the social contract, detailed in his books “Leviathan” and “De Cive.” He explores the natural state of men.
Rawls’ Original Position and Veil of Ignorance
Rawls introduces the concept of the “original position,” where individuals meet before society is formed to decide on the basic rules. These individuals must be neutral and empathetic. Rawls calls this attitude the “veil of ignorance,” where people are disinterested. The veil of ignorance includes a plural society, organization within society, and neutral thinking.
Key Characteristics of Hobbes, Locke, and Rawls’ Ideas
- The state of nature implies no political organization; everyone is sovereign.
- When creating society, a state is necessary. The state is a necessary evil, created to solve the consequences of freedom and ensure security.
- Power is transferred from individuals to the state, and power is organized within the state.
- Social life is divided into different realms. The state is an artificial construct. Political representation and the rule of law are tools to guarantee the civil society realm.
- The state/government must be limited.