Sociology’s Origins, Evolution, and Key Currents
Sociology’s Origins and Early Development
Sociology’s exact birth date is unknown, emerging from philosophy, alongside anthropology, psychology, and sociology. It’s believed to have begun around 1750, focusing on standards of living rather than philosophy itself. The period up to 1825 can be considered its gestation or prehistory.
Key Figures and Foundational Ideas
While several figures are recognized as founders, Auguste Comte is noted for his writings on social reality and the need for social rules. Saint-Simon, a French nobleman concerned with social issues, advocated for equality. Although Saint-Simon conceived many ideas, it was Auguste Comte, his secretary, who documented them.
The Rise of Sociology as a Discipline
Some place sociology’s emergence around 1850, coinciding with the publication of the Communist Manifesto. This period marks the beginning of sociology’s rise as a distinct field.
Classical Period and the Development of Schools
The second stage, from 1825/1850 to 1920/1930, is considered the classical period, marked by the development of various schools of thought. This era was a fruitful period for the sciences in general.
Impact of World War I
World War I disrupted existing social and political systems, marking a shift from older structures and leading to changes in military and social systems.
Contemporary Sociology: Micro and Macro Perspectives
From 1920/1930 to 1970/1980, Contemporary Sociology emerged, characterized by the analysis of sociology from two perspectives: Micro- and Macro-Sociology.
Theoretical vs. Applied Sociology
The difference between the classical schools and contemporary sociology lies in their approach. Classical schools focused on theories of how society should be, while contemporary sociology applies these theories. For example, Marx and Engels’ ideas, developed around 1850, were later implemented in agrarian societies.
Two Main Currents
MACRO:
Focuses on applying theories to social reality. Examples include the implementation of Marxist systems in the USSR and the development of democracy in Europe. This approach addresses the development and implementation of sociological theories.
MICRO:
Focuses on small groups, such as family and friends. This approach emerged after the World Wars and was developed to study group dynamics, particularly in the U.S. industry. In the 1950s, intelligence tests were introduced.
Decolonization and Societal Shifts
The period from 1920/1930 to 1970/1980 also saw the decolonization of countries by England, France, and Holland. The last decolonization by Spain occurred in Tindouf.
Between 1970 and 1980, decolonization ended, leading to significant changes in systems and societies. For example, the 1971 conflict in Jordan over oil highlighted the growing importance of energy, which reshaped the global system. Many new states were created, often divided by arbitrary lines rather than by existing populations.
Modern Currents in Sociology
From 1970 to now, sociology is studied through two main currents, with sub-branches within them:
1. Quantitative Sociology
Focuses on quantities and data analysis. Marketers use this approach to understand consumer behavior and sell products. Advertising has shifted from stereotypes to more nuanced approaches.
2. Qualitative Sociology
Analyzes different perspectives presented by the media. This approach values individual opinions based on reflection and critical thinking.
These currents drive the market and shape our understanding of society.