Soil and Atmospheric Chemistry: Key Concepts
Soil Chemistry
Soil Layer: Measured parallel to the soil surface to delve into an ore.
Rock: Extract which is not metallic.
Ionic Exchange: Has a capacity for interchange in soil or halt ions on the basis of clay content.
Soil Contamination: Composed of chemicals altered by human activity in the natural environment.
Parquet Flooring Structure:
- a) Litter
- b) Minerals
- c) Rocks
Soil Components: Water, organic materials, and mineral.
Chemical Contaminants: Heavy metals and pesticides.
Physical: Heat
Biological: Insects, microorganisms, garbage.
In-situ Decontamination: The soil is not transferred.
Ex-situ Decontamination: The soil is transferred.
Minerals and Metals
Gangue: Accompanying rock in which metals are extracted.
Minerals:
- Pyrite (Non-metallic): Acid sulfate
- Azurite (Metallic): Pipes, coins, jewelry
- Argentite (Metallic): Coins
- Gypsum (Non-metallic): Houses
- Magnetite (Metallic): Machines
- Breda (Metallic): Ceilings and doors
Chemical Reactions
Ionization: Separation of ions in water.
Neutralization: Reaction between an acid and a base.
Formation: Obtaining a compound from its parts.
Reactions:
- Exothermic: Liberates heat
- Endothermic: Absorbs heat
- Reversible: Proceeds in both directions
Redox:
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons
- Reduction: Gain of electrons
Reaction Types:
- Synthesis or combination: A + B -> AB
- Analysis or decomposition: AB -> A + B
- Simple substitution: AB + M -> MB + A
- Simple substitution: AB + O -> A + BO
- Double substitution: AB + CD -> AD + CB
Chemical Equations: Reactants -> Products
Gas Laws
Molecular: Space occupied by one mole of gas.
Boyle’s Law: At constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.
Charles’s Law: The volume of a gas varies proportionally to its absolute temperature.
Gay-Lussac’s Law: At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
Avogadro’s Law: One mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters at standard conditions.
Real Gas: Gas in which collisions are not elastic.
Ideal Gas: Gas in which particle interactions are negligible.
Mole: Molecular weight expressed in grams.
Pressure: Force exerted by particles on the container.
Gaseous State: State of aggregation in which there is a lot of kinetic energy, with fluidity and compressibility.
Atmospheric Chemistry
Atmospheric Pressure: Force exerted by gases in the atmosphere on Earth.
Atmospheric Air: Emission of substances in industrial processes, changing the composition of air.
Elastic Collision: Collision between two or more particles without permanent deformation.
Layers of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere: Smog
- Stratosphere: Ozone
- Mesosphere: O2
- Ionosphere: Ions
- Exosphere
Primary Pollutant: Emitted directly from the source.
Secondary Pollutants: Formed by the interaction of two or more primary pollutants (photochemical).
Composition of the Atmosphere:
- 78% Nitrogen
- 21% Oxygen
- 1% Other gases
Acid Rain
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Petroleum: Mixture of hydrocarbons.
Methods of Separation: Rotation and extraction.
Composition of Crude Petroleum:
- Open-chain aliphatic compounds (paraffinic base)
- Closed-chain and branched-chain cyclic (naphthenic, alicyclic)
- Mixed
Petroleum Refining: Separation of components.
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds: Compounds derived from tetravalent carbon.
Properties: Form chains of carbon linked to hydrogen, are not electrical conductors, have low density, are soluble in water, and are fuels.
Hydrocarbons: Compounds formed by tetravalent carbon chains and hydrogen with non-polar covalent bonds.
Properties: Molecular attractions and solubility.
Derivatives: Glucose, ethanol, ethyl alcohol.