Space Exploration: History and Fundamentals
C = 2πr v = √(GM/r) {G-m3kg-1s-2} a = v2/r {r=Er+orbr} n1l=tendencyStaySameSpeedunlessForce n2lF=ma n3l=f-f f12=Gm1m2/r122 w=fd v=√(2gh) ep=-GerthMobj/r v=√(Gm(2/r-1/a)) p>=mv> f>t2-1=p2-1> mf linear mr_ mf expo..v2-1 _v2-1 is/ exh v{ion engines}
Planetary Exploration Stages
What stage of planetary exploration follows sending a successful flyby? Orbiter
Historical Parallels and Mythology
What historical era does our golden planetary age resemble? Age of Maritime Greek Mythology
Which engineer constructed wings of feather and wax? Daedalus
What did the Mongolian brothers use in their flight? Hot air balloons
Space and Earth Analogies
What looks like Earth? Egg
What demarcates the edge of space? The Von Karman line
Inspirational Literature
What 19th-century novel inspired the voyage film? The Brick Moon
Milestones in Space Exploration
In what year was the first image of Earth captured? 1946
Who was the first person to break the sound barrier in a rocket? Chuck Yeager
Under which US president was NASA founded? Eisenhower in 1958
Motivations for Space Exploration
Why do we explore? Curiosity, quest for basic knowledge, challenge, conquest, competition, economic advantage
Early Space Program Challenges
At the start of the program in 1961, what was the failure rate? 49%
Gemini and Apollo Programs
How many astronauts traveled on each Gemini capsule? 2 (Apollo 3)
Which of the following pilots was a Mercury program astronaut? Alan Shepard
First Human in Orbit
The first human to orbit the world was of which nationality? Russian
Apollo Program Costs
Approximately how much did the Apollo program cost? Interstate highway system
First Moon Landing
In what year did the first human landing on the Moon take place? 1969
Lunar Orbit Rendezvous
Which scheme did Apollo use to get to the Moon? Lunar orbit rendezvous
Orbital Zones
In what orbital zone can you find GPS and other satellites? Medium Earth orbit
Heliocentric Model
Who proposed the heliocentric model to put the Sun at the center of the solar system? Copernicus
Newton’s Contributions
Which friend convinced Newton to go public? Halley
Technological Advancements
What technology did both Galileo and Newton improve? Telescopes
Spacecraft Design Strategies
Which is not a strategy for ensuring a spacecraft will function? Single fault tolerance, building in redundancy, components of heritage
Voyager’s Controversial Addition
What controversial edition was made to the Voyager? Alien message
Redundancy in Spacecraft Systems
Why would a spacecraft have multiple computers? To protect from failure
Spacecraft Heating Strategies
What’s a strategy for heating a spacecraft? Adding radioactive or aluminum coating
Number of Robotic Spacecraft Launched
How many robotic spacecraft have been launched since 1957? 200s
Spacecraft Velocity Equation
What equation is for the velocity of a spacecraft in any circular or orbital? Not vital singves or gua deviva
Curvature of Spacecraft
Why is a passive spacecraft curved? Gravity
Ancient Geocentric Model
In the geocentric (ancient) model, which body is between Venus and Mars? Sun
Orbital Changes
For a spacecraft to change orbit, what kind of energy should be added or subtracted? Kinetic
Soviet vs. American Space Designs
How do Soviet designs differ from American? Different path
Which country was successful in flying a balloon out of the atmosphere of Earth? Soviet
International Space Exploration (1986)
1986: Who explored other than the USA and Soviet? Halley’s Comet European
Elliptical Orbits
Which mathematician produced the first model of the solar system with elliptical orbits? Kepler
Bound Orbits
Which is an example of a bound orbit? Circle/Ellipse
Perihelion in Heliocentric Orbits
In a heliocentric orbit, what is closest to the Sun? Perihelion
Effect of Increased Speed on Orbit
If you’re in an orbit and increase speed, what will the new orbit look like? Larger ellipse
Early Rocketry Pioneers
Who first demonstrated reaction using a steam-powered pigeon? Archytas
What powered the first chemical rockets by China? Gunpowder
Which rocket, Redglare, is immortalized in the national anthem? Congreve-British
Who first set down the laws of rocketry in the 80s and 90s? Tsiolkovsky
Stages for Space Travel
How many stages for space? 2/3
Efficient Rocket Engines
Which type of change today is the most efficient rocket engine? Electrical
Remote Sensing Instruments
Which is an example of a remote sensing instrument that provides its own light? Lidar
In-Situ Instruments
Which is an example of an in-situ instrument that a spacecraft might carry? Impact sensor
Constants and Values
LEO a=r=6.556×106m; Transfer a=2.436×107; GEO a=r=4.216×107; G=6.67×10-11; M=5.97×1024; Me=5.972×1024; Msun=1.989×1030; Mmn=7.348×1022