Spain and the World: Restoration, Wars, and Cold War
RESTORATION: Restoration in a country’s political regime that existed and had been replaced by another. Aviation DISASTER: Loss of 98 of the last Spanish colonies. TURNISMO: Was based on the peaceful alternation of parties in power. CRISIS of 1917, both political and military reasons, the increase in social issues, new constitution and salary increases. MILITARY DIRECTORY: Directory comprising military and civilian government formed. AGRARIAN REFORM: Fairer distribution of land ownership. CEDA: Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights.
Problems of the Restoration and Key Reforms
Restoration problems: The opposition party was excluded from the start of regionalism turnismo, the rise of the labor movement, and the disaster of 98. The Reformist Biennium’s policies of reform: State reform will do away with centralism; social reform to improve working conditions; fairer distribution of land ownership. Notable artists: Sorolla (Impressionism), Picasso, Dali (Surrealism, Cubism, Modernism), GaudÃ, GATEPAC (Rationalism).
Causes and Consequences of World War
The causes of war: Funds because of the war, the international instability suffered after the Treaty of Versailles with Germany in 1929 was the immediate cause. Totalitarian political ideology. Abyssinia, Japan occupied Manchuria, and Italy occupied Albania, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Sudetenland, assumed the beginning of the blocks. Hostilities: France and the UK were allies; Germany and Italy formed the Axis, later incorporating the USSR, the US, and Japan.
Consequences of the World War and the Cold War
Political consequences of the conflict: The fall of totalitarian regimes, loss of international hegemony in Europe. World Economy: enormous destruction, many deaths. Demographics: social cruelty of moral crisis. Characteristics of the Cold War: Establishment of economic cooperation instruments (Marshall Plan), formation of defensive military alliances, creation of a large military arsenal.
Stages of the Cold War and Decolonization
Stages of the Cold War: Berlin Blockade, peaceful coexistence, Korean War, the emergence of protest movements, the formation of a group of non-aligned countries, the Soviet Union, the United States, the end of the Cold War. DECOLONIZATION: Process of abolition of the colonial empires, independence of former colonies. Causes: Impact of the Second World War on colonies, emerging nationalist movements, international support.
2nd World War, Economic Processes, and the UN
The Second World War was a period of political tension and a Cold War. Decolonization, United Nations Organization (UN). An imaginary line, the Iron Curtain, divided the world. Non-aligned countries, Asian and African countries, the Third World: lack of capabilities and economic poverty.
Characteristics of World War II
Characteristics of war: Large territorial extent, the economy as a powerful weapon, organisms. First stage of the war: Development of Germany’s *Blitzkrieg* (lightning war), surprise attacks, massive victories, but the UK did not surrender. Japan’s bombardment of Pearl Harbor and the US entered the war. The second stage was delayed from 1944 by the US allies after the great offensives, entering with the Normandy landings. Germany and this causes Hitler’s suicide. Japan surrendered after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US.