Spain’s 20th Century Transformation: Society & Economy
Demographic Trends
The Demographic Transition
The demographic transition, common to all industrialized nations, began in Spain during the late 19th century. Marked by declining mortality rates and sustained births, this led to an initial surge in population growth. A second phase followed with more moderate growth, marking the beginning of the modern demographic cycle. Life expectancy increased considerably. Declining birth rates, influenced by urbanization and family planning, followed a slower, irregular pattern. These factors contributed to substantial population growth in Spain.
Migratory Movements
Population mobility began with substantial Spanish emigration overseas, peaking before declining due to World War I. This emigration stemmed from employment growth lagging behind population increases, limited economic transformation, and improved navigation. As emigration slowed, internal migration increased, redistributing the Spanish population regionally.
The Intensification of Urbanization
Increased internal migration led to intensified urbanization and a decline in rural populations. Urban growth peaked between the end of World War I and the 1929 crash. Major cities experienced significant population increases, with other areas also growing rapidly, becoming industrial or mining centers. Spain’s urbanization, however, lagged behind other Western European nations.
Economic Evolution
The Economic Recovery
The 20th century began with the aftermath of the 1898 disaster and the end of the Spanish Empire. The loss of colonial markets impacted Catalan textile exports and other industries, while increasing import costs. Despite this and war debts, the crisis was overcome quickly, with low inflation, reduced public debt, and the repatriation of capital.
The Juncture of the First World War
Spain’s neutrality during World War I spurred economic expansion, as it became a supplier of industrial and agricultural goods. Increased foreign demand stimulated production growth, leading to a positive balance of payments. However, rising prices triggered unprecedented inflation. The resulting decline in living standards for the working class, whose wages did not keep pace with inflation, led to strikes and labor demands. The war’s end brought an end to economic prosperity and triggered a severe crisis, increasing social unrest.
The Effects of the Crisis of 1929
The 1929 global economic slump, following the New York Stock Exchange crash, impacted Spain. Falling international demand led to a decline in Spanish exports. However, the crisis’s impact was lessened by the depreciation of the peseta and the limited reliance on foreign trade due to previous protectionist tariffs.