Spain’s Military and Civil Directory: 1923-1930
Military Directory (1923-1925)
Corruption and Dictatorship
The first issue was the alleged corruption of the powers of concentration. This led to the abolishment of all political systems (including the 1976 Constitution, courts, local administration, and commonwealth) and the establishment of a personal dictatorship. Between periods of war, many dictatorships and liberal dynasties emerged.
Repression and Pistolerismo
To address Pistolerismo, repression was applied, particularly targeting the anarchist sector and any opponents. Imprisonment was used against those who opposed the regime. Opponents were also forced into exile. Direct violence was also employed.
The Moroccan Issue and the Alhucemas Landing
Morocco presented a complicated situation. Primo de Rivera’s first action was a pact with France to control their shared borders. A military operation was launched from Melilla, landing at Alhucemas. The goal was to establish control and prevent enemy movement. The operation was successful, leading to the defeat of Abd el-Krim, who surrendered to France.
The Significance of Alhucemas
The Alhucemas landing was crucial for France, as it led to the creation of an elite legion and established control in Morocco.
Transition to Civil Directory
By 1925, Primo de Rivera had addressed three key issues. With the King’s support, he continued in power, transitioning the Directory to its Civil phase.
Civil Directory (1925-1930)
This second stage is characterized by Primo de Rivera appointing mostly civilian ministers.
Political Actions
Inspired by the Italian model, Primo de Rivera appointed civilian ministers from all existing political parties except the anarchists. He attempted to unite these parties under the umbrella of the Patriotic Union Party.
The courts were reopened in an advisory capacity, and efforts were made to draft a new constitution, which ultimately failed.
Economic Activities
Spain experienced significant economic expansion under Primo de Rivera. He adopted a model of capitalism with strong state intervention, focusing on strategic sectors like energy, communications, and transportation. The state supported these sectors through companies like CAMPSA (energy), Telefónica (communications), and RENFE and Iberia (transportation).