Spain’s Tumultuous 19th Century: Revolution to Republic
Dictatorial Practices and the Fall of Isabella II
The dictatorial practices of González Bravo and Narváez, despite Queen Isabella II’s support, spread discontent amidst an economic crisis. The deaths of Narváez in 1868 and O’Donnell led to an alliance between the Liberal Union (led by General Serrano), the Progressives (led by General Prim), and the Democrats, aiming to end Isabella II’s reign. The 1866 “Pact of Ostend” solidified their commitment to overthrow the Queen.
The uprising, initiated by Topete in Cadiz in September 1868, quickly gained popular support, forcing Isabella II to flee to France. This became known as the “Glorious Revolution.”
The 1869 Constitution and the Search for a Monarch
A provisional government led by Serrano, with Prim as Minister of War, called for elections to a Constituent Parliament. The resulting 1869 Constitution was one of the most liberal of the 19th century, featuring:
- National Sovereignty
- Direct universal male suffrage (over 20 years)
- Democratic monarchy with limited royal powers
- Executive power vested in the Council of Ministers
- Bicameral Cortes elected by the people
- Comprehensive bill of rights, including freedom of assembly, association, and religion
After establishing a monarchy, General Serrano became regent. The search for a new king led to three candidates: Leopold of Hohenzollern, Louis Philippe (Duke of Montpensier), and Amadeo of Savoy. Amadeo, favored by Prim, was ultimately chosen in 1870.
Amadeo I’s Brief Reign and the First Republic
Amadeo I arrived in Spain in 1871, coinciding with Prim’s assassination, weakening his position. He faced opposition from Carlists, Alfonsinos (supporters of Isabella II’s son, Alfonso), and Republicans. Political instability and party disagreements led to Amadeo’s abdication in early 1873.
With no viable monarchical candidate, the Cortes proclaimed the First Spanish Republic on February 11, 1873. However, the Republic lacked popular support and faced opposition from powerful groups like the gentry, landowners, and the Church.
Radical Reforms and Challenges of the Republic
The Republican government implemented radical reforms, including:
- Abolition of consumption tax
- Elimination of mandatory military service (the quintas)
- Lowering the voting age to 21
- Separation of Church and State
- Regulation of child labor
- Abolition of slavery in Cuba and Puerto Rico
- Proposal for a federal republic
The Republic faced numerous challenges, including:
- The Third Carlist War
- Cantonalist uprisings by radical Republicans
- The Ten Years’ War in Cuba
These challenges, coupled with political instability and a lack of broad support, led to the downfall of the First Spanish Republic within a year.