Spanish Grammar and Linguistics Summary

Posted on Oct 10, 2024 in Language

T-3: Phonetics

The smallest phonological unit is the phoneme, which is concerned with the sound of words.

T-4: Word Stress

  • Aguda (oxytone): Stress on the last syllable.
  • Llana (paroxytone): Stress on the penultimate syllable.
  • Esdrújula (proparoxytone): Stress on the antepenultimate syllable.
  • Sobresdrújula (superproparoxytone): Stress on the syllable before the antepenultimate.

T-9: Verbal Periphrasis

A verbal periphrasis is formed by an auxiliary verb plus an infinitive. For instance, “ir a” plus infinitive or periphrasis of gerund; “estar” plus gerund.

T-10: Adverbs and Prepositions

Adverb: Invariable, it does not present morphemes of gender and number.

Elements of Relation: Prepositions and conjunctions.

Prepositions: a, ante, bajo, con, contra, de, desde, en, entre, hacia, hasta, para, por, según, sin, sobre, tras.

Coordinating Conjunctions

  • Copulative: y, e, ni.
  • Disjunctive: o, u.
  • Adversative: pero, mas, sino.

T-12: Impersonal Sentences

Oraciones Impersonales: Verbs like “haber” or “hacer”, also used in weather phenomena like snow, rain, hail, thunder, etc. Some oraciones are constructed with…

Oraciones Optativas

Also called optative sentences, prayers that express a desire through a phrase like: ojalá, que, quién, así, etc., followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.

T-13: Compound Sentences

Types of Conjunctions

  • Copulative: y, e, ni.
  • Disjunctive: o, u, ora… ora…, bien… bien…, ya… ya….
  • Adversative: pero, mas, sino (que), aunque, sin embargo, no obstante.

Oraciones Yuxtapuestas

These are listed without a link, just with , ; : …

T-14: Complements

  • CD: Replaced by me, te, se, lo, la, nos, os, los, las, (le, les).
  • Predicative Complement: Complements the subject and the verb.
  • CI: Substitute le, les, se.
  • Attribute: Replaces it.

T-15: Subordinate Clauses

  • Oraciones Subordinadas Causales: Links are porque, que, como, ya que, puesto que, pues, dado que.
  • Oraciones Subordinadas Finales: Links are para que, a que, que, a fin de (que), con vistas a (que), con el objeto de (que).
  • Oraciones Subordinadas Concesivas: aunque, a pesar de (que), si bien, aun cuando, por más que, siquiera.
  • Oraciones Subordinadas Condicionales: si, como, a condición de (que), con tal de (que), con que, siempre que, en caso de (que), en el supuesto de (que), como si, cuando.

T-17: Semantic Relations

  • Synonyms: Words with the same meaning but written differently.
  • Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings (e.g., long/short).
  • Homonyms: Words with the same sound but different meanings (e.g., cow/baca).
  • Polysemy: The same word with several meanings.
  • Paronyms: Words with different meanings but very similar forms (e.g., caliente/color).
  • Metaphor: A signifier replaces its real or original meaning with another meaning.
  • Metonymy: Takes a term as a signifier for another word based on a relationship of contiguity, proximity, or closeness.
  • Antonomasia: Using a proper name to apply to a character prototype.

T-18: Loanwords

  • Hellenism: Greek origin.
  • Germanism: German origin.
  • Arabism: Arabic origin.
  • Gallicism: French origin.
  • Anglicism: English origin.

T-20: Textual Features

Text: Alignment, cohesion, and coherence.

Reference

  • Reference Exofórica: (Outside the text)
  • Reference Endofórica: (Within the text)

T-21: Narrative Techniques

The veracity of the events described are divided into:

  • Story: True or factual.
  • Fictional Character or Literary Narrative.

Descriptive Techniques

  • Topography: Describes a place.
  • Cronografía: Describes a time.
  • Prosopografía: Describes the physical aspect.
  • Etopeya: Describes the character.
  • Portrait: A combination of physical and character description.
  • Caricature: Exaggerated or distorted description for comic effect.

T-22: Literary Genres and Texts

  • Literary Genres: Lyric, epic, dramatic.
  • Texts: Poetry, narrative, and dramatic.

Phonic Level

  • Alliteration: Repetition of sound.
  • Onomatopoeia: Phonemes evoke actions.
  • Rhythm: Periodic repetition.
  • Rhyme: Matching sounds at the end of the last syllable.

Syntactic Level

  • Anaphora: Repetition of words with the same syntactic structure.
  • Parallelism: Repetition of the order of the same elements in a sentence.
  • Correlation:
  • Hyperbaton: Alters the normal order of words.
  • Asyndeton: Omission of conjunctive links.

Semantic Level

  • Epithet: An explanatory adjective.
  • Simile: Contrasts two things through a link like “as” or “like”.
  • Metaphor:
  • Personification: A kind of metaphor where human qualities are given to inanimate objects.
  • Metonymy: Change of meaning.
  • Hyperbole: Exaggerated exaggeration.
  • Litotes: Attenuation of thought.
  • Antithesis: Juxtaposition of two opposing ideas.
  • Paradox: The union of two seemingly irreconcilable ideas.

Scientific Language

Characteristics of scientific language include: monosemic signs, formally set forth, verbatim quotes, rigorous and simple syntax, abundant essential type definitions, causal or descriptive, denotative character, use of the 3rd person plural, and subordinate clauses of property and correlation.

  • Technicalities: Words that are part of scientific and technical terminology.
  • Hybrid: Words formed by the combination of Latin and Greek elements.

Legal Style Features

Features of legal style include: nouns, abstract nouns, preposed adjectives, verbs in the 3rd person singular, future imperfect indicative, future subjunctive, use of gerund periphrasis with mandatory and permissive value, and misuse of the preposition “a”.

Journalistic Text Features

Features of journalistic text include: nouns without articles, present and past perfect tenses, conditional tense, direct style, short and simple syntax.

Linguistic Features of Advertising

. (repetition of a word in the adjacent identification through copula, noun phrases, adjectives and adverbs, the presence of 2 person, delete prepositions, imperative sentences, exclamatory, interrogative.)