Spanish Literature: Generation of ’98 and Novel Innovations
The narrative before the Spanish Civil War saw renewal and innovations in realist novels. The focus shifted from action to perception, with fragmented narratives, dramatized dialogues, and bohemian characters.
Key Figures and Their Contributions
- Pío Baroja: Born in San Sebastián, Baroja’s works are anti-traditionalist, atheist, and turbulent. His novels feature maladjusted characters and Basque/Madrid landscapes. Dialogue is prominent, resembling theater.
- Miguel de Unamuno: Born in Bilbao in 1864, Unamuno excelled in poetry and novel writing. His novels, which he called “nivolas,” explored themes of death, existence, and the tragic sense of life.
- Azorín: His texts blurred the lines between novel and essay, focusing on time and narrative. Notable works include impressionistic ideas and confessions.
- Ramón del Valle-Inclán: Known for his anti-realist stance, Valle-Inclán’s Sonatas are a highlight of his work.
Novecentismo and Beyond
D PEREZ AYALA possessed characteristics of the Generation of ’98 but renewed the realist novel with intellectual tragicomedy and technical innovation.
GABRIEL MIRÓ shared features with Noucentisme, particularly a focus on the Levantine landscape and raw emotion. His style was impressionistic, exploring themes of love, death, and nature.
Precursors and Evolution of the Generation of ’98
The Generation of ’98 emerged in Spain, addressing problems and calling for regeneration through land reforms, modernization, and improved education. Key members included Maeztu, Azorín, Baroja, Unamuno, Machado, and Valle-Inclán.
Their evolution began with youthful rebellion, followed by a contemplative concern for Spain. Mature works intensified existential concerns and focused on subjective idealism to find solutions for the country.
Literary Language and Innovations
While each author had a distinct style, they shared a rejection of baroque style, emphasizing precision, clarity, and lyricism. Innovations included flexible use of lyrical landscapes and novel technical developments, such as Baroja’s rapid pace and Unamuno/Azorín’s distortion.