Spanish Romanticism: A Deep Dive into History, Themes, and Styles
Spanish Romanticism
A profound cultural revolution, Romanticism introduced a new sensitivity emphasizing subjectivity. In Spain, this aesthetic shift coincided with the rise of the bourgeoisie and a new socio-economic order. The movement triumphed in theater and fiction, with numerous titles published, followed by new approaches in poetry until 1840.
Historical and Cultural Context
The introduction of capitalism and the liberal state led to the rise of the bourgeoisie. This complex transformation enriched the wealthy but worsened conditions for peasants. Advancements included textile and mining development, railways, and the press. Cultural life thrived in theaters, concerts, and bullfights, boosting the arts.
Key Features of Romanticism
- Exalts individual importance and freedom.
- Emphasizes subjective reality.
- Interest in marginal human types.
- Asserts the historical character of artistic works.
- Uses escapism and irrationalism, with the Middle Ages as a backdrop for ideals.
Themes and Styles
Key themes include freedom, power, justice, life’s meaning, God’s silence, human fate, love, and mysteries. Romantic style rejected conventional poetic language, mixed genres, used exclamations to express moods, and employed vocabulary reflecting subjectivity.
Romanticism’s Development in Spain
First Stage
The dissemination of German Romantic ideas began, combined with a conservative defense of Catholicism.
Second Stage
The movement triumphed, influenced by French Romanticism and returning liberal exiles, creating a progressive orientation.
Third Stage
Transitioned to realism. Poetry developed an intimate tendency with German influence and popular poetry.
Essays
Reflective texts expressing opinions on aspects of reality. Sometimes, the writer’s projected self becomes a character, establishing a fictional framework.
The Writings of Feijoo
A universal author, theater critic, and scholar, Feijoo pioneered essays in Spain. His writings combatted popular and scientific errors to modernize Spanish thought. Addressing diverse themes (economics, philosophy, politics), his texts targeted a broad audience with a familiar style.
Cadalso and Moroccan Letters
Cadalso’s most prominent work, “Cartas Marruecas,” uses an epistolary form to present three perspectives on reality: Nuño (Spanish), Gazel (Moroccan sage), and Ben Beley (Moroccan). His vision of Spain aligns with Enlightenment ideals.
Jovellanos
A lawyer and judge, Jovellanos joined the Royal Academy and experienced banishment and imprisonment. He opposed pacts with the French and joined the Central Board against Napoleon. A distinguished figure of the 18th century, he held key political roles under Charles III and Charles IV. His literary work included poetry, theater, and prose essays. His themes addressed societal problems (agriculture, Asturias, industry), and his works include “Informe sobre la Ley Agraria,” “Espectáculos y Diversiones Públicas,” and “Informe sobre el Público.”