Sports Classification: Cooperation and Opposition in Athletics
Sports Classification: Cooperation and Opposition
Sports Without Cooperation and Without Opposition
In this category, athletes do not directly face an adversary. They may try to achieve the best mark in their sport to beat other athletes, but it’s not about direct competition. For example, in ski mountaineering, an athlete competes against themself or against a previous mark.
Sports Without Cooperation but With Opposition
Here, athletes practice by directly confronting an opponent. Examples include tennis and fencing.
Sports With Cooperation but No Opposition
These are group sports with a common goal but no direct confrontation with opponents. Examples include relay races and rowing teams.
Sports With Cooperation and Opposition
A group of players cooperate to achieve a common goal while directly facing opponents. Examples include football and basketball.
Techniques in Various Sports
Basketball
Displacement
- Higher or boat forward
- Bounce protection or low
- Changing hands
Passing
- **Chest pass:** Performed with both hands simultaneously, moving away from the defender.
- **Bounce pass:** The ball bounces once before reaching the teammate.
- **Overhead pass:** Done with two hands above the head.
- **Baseball pass:** Performed with one hand and used to send the ball great distances.
Releases
- **Layup:** Moving toward the basket and gently releasing the ball.
- **Jump shot:** Similar to the layup but performed in the air.
- **Hook shot:** Made close to the basket to prevent the opposition defender from blocking.
Handball
Displacement
Three steps, a shot, and three steps.
Passing
- **Front arm pass:** Arm is at shoulder height, placing the ball over the head.
- **Hip pass:** The hip and forearm are parallel to the ground.
- **Pronation pass:** Starts with the ball grip with both hands.
- **Behind-the-back pass:** The ball is passed behind the back or to the side.
Releases
- **Supported release:** Feet are on the ground.
- **Jump shot:** After three steps, a jump is made with the leg opposite the throwing arm.
- **Hip throw:** This release is at hip height to surprise the defense.
- **Corrected release:** Changing the position of the arm to surprise the defense.
- **Front fall release:** Usually performed by the pivot when in possession of the ball.
Volleyball
Displacement
Moving without touching the ball or passing it to teammates repeatedly.
Passing
- **Setting:** Using fingers to set up the ball for a teammate to spike.
- **Digging:** Receiving a spike or serve from the opposing team.
Release
- **Spike:** Running two or three steps, jumping high, and hitting the ball.
- **Serve:** Can be overhand or underhand, similar to tennis.
Soccer
Displacement
With the foot, using the inside, outside, or instep.
Passing
- **Inside of the foot pass:** The most precise pass.
- **Outside of the foot pass:** Used to surprise the defender.
- **Heel pass:** A pass made to a teammate behind.
Releases
- **Instep kick:** A powerful and accurate shot.
- **Toe kick:** A quick and surprising shot.
- **Inside of the foot shot:** Prioritizes placement over power.
Track and Field Techniques
Running Technique
Arms should be bent at approximately 90 degrees. The trunk should be slightly bent forward. Momentum is generated with full leg extension at the ankle and foot. Arms and legs must move forward. During the ground phase, the leg and ankle should not be tense.
Hurdles Technique
A powerful impetus is given with the leg. The trunk and head lean forward. The lead leg is stretched to attack the hurdle. The trail leg moves forward horizontally to the ground. Once the hurdle is cleared, the trail leg quickly seeks the ground. Arms maintain a running motion.
Long Jump Technique
The run-up should be progressive, reaching maximum speed at the takeoff board. A powerful impetus is made with the takeoff leg, and the free leg rises. The trunk leans forward to avoid falling backward. Arms compensate for the action of the legs in the air. Legs tend to come together in the air. Try to extend both feet as far forward as possible.
High Jump Technique
The run-up consists of 7 to 9 steps in an arc. The takeoff action is performed by pushing off the ground with the foot and extending the leg. The knee of the free leg rotates. Arms help drive the body upward. The body arches backward over the bar, and the legs are raised to clear it.
Shot Put Technique
The initial position is with the back to the throwing direction. The shot is held against the neck. A rapid shift is made, extending the arm in the direction of the throw. The back leg initiates the drive, which is transmitted through the hip, trunk, and shoulders. The fingers add final momentum to the shot.
Swimming Strokes
- Crawl
- Backstroke
- Breaststroke
- Butterfly