SQL Clauses Operators Functions Reference

SQL Clauses

Clauses	How to Use It	Functionality
CREATE TABLE	`CREATE TABLE table_name ...`	Creates a new table
INSERT	`INSERT INTO table_name ...`	Inserts new data into the table
SELECT	`SELECT col1, col2 ...`	Retrieves specified columns
SELECT	`SELECT * FROM ...`	Retrieves all columns from a table
FROM	`FROM table_name`	Specifies the table(s) from which to retrieve data
WHERE	`WHERE col > 5`	Filters rows based on specified conditions
UPDATE, SET	`UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1;`	Updates column values for all rows (or specific rows with WHERE)
DELETE	`DELETE FROM table_name`	Deletes all rows from the table
DROP	`DROP TABLE table_name`	Deletes the table from the database
ALTER	`ALTER TABLE table_name ...`	Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table
ORDER BY	`ORDER BY col1 ASC/DESC..`	Sorts rows based on column(s) in ascending or descending order
DISTINCT	`SELECT DISTINCT col, ...`	Retrieves unique values from specified column(s)
LIMIT	`LIMIT 10`	Limits the number of rows returned
OFFSET	`OFFSET 5`	Specifies the starting row for results (used with LIMIT)
GROUP BY	`GROUP BY col ...`	Groups rows with the same values in specified columns
HAVING	`HAVING col > 20`	Filters grouped rows based on conditions
CASE	`CASE WHEN condition1 THEN value1 WHEN .. ELSE .. END`	Returns a value based on the first matching condition

Operators	How to Use It	Functionality
`<>`	`WHERE col <> 5`	Filters rows where the column is not equal to a value. Includes comparison operators (=, >, <, >=, <=).
LIKE	`WHERE col LIKE '%Apple%'`	Retrieves rows where a column value matches a pattern
AND	`WHERE col1 > 5 AND col2 < 3`	Retrieves rows satisfying all specified conditions
OR	`WHERE col1 > 5 OR col2 < 3`	Retrieves rows satisfying at least one specified condition
NOT	`WHERE NOT col = 'apple'`	Retrieves rows where the condition(s) is NOT true
IN	`WHERE col IN ('Apple', 'Microsoft')`	Retrieves rows where a column value is in a list of values
BETWEEN	`WHERE col BETWEEN 3 AND 5`	Retrieves rows where a column value is within a range (inclusive)

Functions	How to Use It	Functionality
COUNT	`SELECT COUNT(col) ...`	Counts the number of values in a column
SUM	`SELECT SUM(col) ...`	Calculates the sum of values in a column
MIN	`SELECT MIN(col) ...`	Finds the minimum value in a column
MAX	`SELECT MAX(col) ...`	Finds the maximum value in a column
AVG	`SELECT AVG(col) ...`	Calculates the average of values in a column
strftime()	`strftime("%Y", col) ...`	Extracts date/time parts (like year) from a value.
CAST()	`CAST(col AS datatype) ...`	Converts a value to a specified datatype
FLOOR()	`FLOOR(col)`	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
CEIL()	`CEIL (col)`	Rounds a number up to the nearest integer
ROUND()	`ROUND(col)`	Rounds a number to a specified decimal places
UPPER()	`UPPER(col)`	Converts a string to uppercase
LOWER()	`Lower(col)`	Converts a string to lowercase