Strategic and Tactical Planning in Organizations
Nature of Planning
The nature of planning contributes to the increasing degree of success of organizations. Decisions are required today to achieve results in the future.
Types of Plans
- Strategic Planning: Developed to meet organizational objectives as a result of strategic management (long-term).
- Tactical and Operational Planning: Developed to achieve operational goals (short-term).
Strategic Planning
Developed by senior managers in order to meet long-term organizational objectives. The main types of plans are:
- Mission
- Objectives
- Strategy
Tactical or Operational Planning
It is a short-term planning that arises at the level of first-level supervisors and is necessary to realize the strategic planning process.
Relationship between Strategic and Tactical Planning
Management: Strategic Plan /// Level 1 / 2 /// 1st Line = Tactical Plan
- Mission (Strategic Plans Major): Basic task that society places.
- Objectives: Important goals; the final results are announced to be achieved. They should be verifiable, clear, measurable, and hierarchical.
- Strategies: Adoption of the basic objectives of a company, the choice of courses of action, and allocation of resources.
- Tactical and Operational Plans Major: Policies, processes, program rules, and budgets.
Strategic Planning Process
The process of ensuring that an organization has and will benefit from an appropriate organizational strategy.
External Analysis -> Determine Objectives -> Environment and Make Strategic == Internal Target
Organization: Organization Type
Organizational structure functions as a formalized intentional structure.
Formal and Informal Organization
- Formal Organization: The intentional structure of roles.
- Informal Organization: The network of relationships that emerges when people associate, a group without conscious intent.
Organizational Structure
The structure refers to relations between the designated organizational resources. Its system is designed to facilitate the use of each resource individually and collectively, as the organization seeks to achieve its objectives. The structure refers to relations between the designated organizational resources organized system.
Concept and Definition of Business Management
It is defined as the process of influencing people to make them contribute to the goals of the organization and the group.
Human Factors for Management to Consider
- Multiplicity of roles
- There are no average people
- Importance of personal dignity
- Consideration of the whole person
Tools for Business Administrators
In order to manage effectively, the manager has motivation, leadership, delegation, and communication as a means to coordinate.
Motivation: Theory X and Y (McGregor)
- X: People have a distaste for the job; they would prefer to be directed and avoid responsibilities.
- Y: Work is as natural as play or rest; people look for better opportunities and responsibilities.
Motivation: Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)
Addresses five basic needs: self-actualization, esteem, belonging, security, and physiological.
Motivation and Hygiene (Herzberg)
Hygiene factors are bad if the work is unsatisfactory. When the motivational factors of work are high, employees are motivated to do a better job.
Motivation: Need for Achievement (McLelland)
Membership
Motivation: Expectations (Vroom)
People would be motivated to do things for the fulfillment of a goal.
Motivation: Reinforcement (Skinner)
Praise and punishment.
Other Motivational Theories
Money and quality of work life.