ICAO’s Response to Unlawful Aviation Acts: A Security Overview
ICAO’s Response to Unlawful Acts Against Aviation
ICAO’s Role and Mission in Aviation Security (AvSec)
- Established at Chicago Convention-1944
- Purpose: international cooperation in standards and procedures for civil aviation.
- ICAO promotes safety and regularity
- ICAO Assembly discusses and adopts “standards and recommended practices”
- Sovereign nations then adopt national regulations in accordance with SARPs
- Conducts security audits per the Universal Safety Audit Program (USAP).
- Enforcement of ICAO standards
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao: Architecture & Design
General Documentation: Cataloging
Name of Building: The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao
Architect: Gehry
Chronology: 1991-1997
Location: Bilbao
Style: Deconstructivist
Brief: Materials: Limestone, glass, and titanium
Building System: Industrial materials with CATIA, a computer program that enables the creation of any form in architecture.
Formal Analysis
Support Elements and Supported Elements
The museum claims not to contain a single flat surface throughout its structure. Part of the building is crossed by a
Read MoreHome Construction: Project, Building, and Assessment
To meet the needs of a home, it must pass a three-stage technological process:
- Project
- Construction
- Assessment
The Project
When it is determined that a house should be built, an architectural project is developed. This project defines the characteristics of the design, under the direction of an architect. The project consists of three documents:
- Memory and Specifications: These include calculations to determine ventilation surfaces and indicate the use of materials.
- Plans: Thanks to graphic language,
Umayyad Art and Architecture: Mosques and Minarets in Al-Andalus
Umayyad Art and Architecture in Al-Andalus
There are new minimum: Arcos geminate geminate and intersecting arcs.
Mansur in 999 built a pavilion in the eastern part of the prayer hall, ablution.
The building is fundamental to study the Umayyad art, being a regency and minimizing the debris left over from other buildings.
END OF ALMANZOR.
Andalusian Minarets Used as Christian Towers
Occur later in Cordoba.
Late ninth century or early tenth century.
In the following two examples, both towers reproduce the
Read MoreAviation Security: Historical Attacks and Countermeasures
A Retrospective View of Crimes and Terrorism in Aviation
Types of Attack
- Three “fundamental” types of attack on aviation:
- Hijacking (skyjacking) aircraft
- Bomb placement in aircraft
- Airport terminal assaults
- Types of attack have changed little over time, but motivations, methods, and purposes have changed.
- Now we should add “airplane as a weapon” to the list above.
- Lethality and damage to society have expanded enormously.
The “Eras” of Attacks on Aviation
- 1930-1960
- 1960-1980
- 1980-1990
- 1990-2001
- Post-
US Aviation Security: Regulations and Agencies
US Responses to Unlawful Acts in Aviation
Brief History of US Bureaucratic Responses to Threats
- 1961: Air Marshal program initiated.
- 1971: FAR Part 107 (Airport Security) created.
- 1971 & 1974: Anti-Hijacking laws passed.
- 1978: Act to Combat Terrorism.
- 1990: Aviation Security Improvement Act.
- 1996: White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security.
- 1996: Aviation Security and Antiterrorism Act.
- 2000: Airport Security Improvement Act.
- 2001: Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA).
- 2002: Homeland