Romanesque and Gothic Art: Key Features & Differences
Romanesque and Gothic Art: Key Features
What is the Crossing?
The crossing is the place where the two arms of the church cross. A tower with a dome was often built at this location.
The Facade
The facade typically consisted of a large door flanked by two towers. Above the door, a tympanum, a space decorated with sculptures, was common.
Ceiling Support
Ceilings were supported by round arches, large columns, and pillars. The walls were very thick, and the windows were small, allowing little light to enter,
Read MoreAvant-Garde Movements and Cinematic Narrative Techniques
Avant-Garde Movements of the Early 20th Century
Futurism: Mixed feelings on war as art. It conceives aesthetic manifestos, decoupling of syntactic connectives. Key figures include F.T. Marinetti. Celebrates science and technology, violence, triumphalism, speed, and *maquinolatria* (machine worship). Related to Fascism.
Dada: Absolute negation, transgression, and betrayal of social norms. Embraces nihilism, ready-mades, and happenings. Key figures include T. Tzara, F. Picabia, M. Duchamp, V. Kandinsky,
Read MoreUnderstanding Copper Engraving: Techniques and History
Understanding Copper Engraving
Margins in Copper Engravings
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, margins were largely minimal, barely leaving room. The three recorded measurements were nearly the same, even if the engraver used to cut the margin.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, margins were very large and sometimes exceeded the size of the image.
Signatures on Copper Engravings
Signatures are usually at the bottom and within the footprint of the engraving. They are often engraved on
Read MoreSpanish Novel Before 1939: Authors, Themes, and Techniques
The Spanish Novela Before 1939: Introduction: During the first years of the century, authors like Galdós and Blasco Ibáñez successfully published novels. These narrators, in addition to seeking a new aesthetic narrative, used the novel to criticize. They gave more importance to the story in the novel as history; the novel is centered on the protagonist’s inner world, using dialogue and monologue. Unamuno’s use of an intellectual and aesthetic approach contrasts with Baroja’s aesthetics of dynamic
Read MoreRealism and Naturalism: Literary Styles Explained
Realism: The Aesthetics of Realism, fascinated by the advances of science, attempts to make literature a document that serves as a testimony to the society of its time, similar to the newborn photography. Its features include:
- Faithful and accurate reproduction of reality in works.
- Careful use of description to show accurate profiles of themes, characters, situations, and locations.
- Focus on the everyday, exposing political and social problems.
- Rejection of sentimentality, showing the raw objective
Generation of ’98: Authors, Characteristics, and Literary Impact
Generation of ’98: Collapse and Regeneration
Generation of ’98: In 1898, Spain lost its last overseas possessions in the defeat against the United States. The symptoms of “general infection” were economic backwardness, educational backwardness, and political depletion. The regeneracionista spirit in the changing century sought to modernize the country, but faced conservative resistance, conflict, and the rise of nationalisms. The disaster inspired a tragic sense of a nation “without direction.”