The Enlightenment: Intellectual Revolution and Literary Shifts
The Enlightenment: An Intellectual Revolution
General Context
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement, particularly important in England. It spanned from the Glorious Revolution to the French Revolution, encompassing two distinct periods:
- Augustan Period (1680-1750): A period of relative peace until the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the Jacobite Wars in England.
- Second Half of the 18th Century: Marked by significant events like the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the French
Spanish Golden Age Theater: Structure, Characters, and Lope de Vega
Structure of Comedy
Comedy usually starts with harmony, but a disturbing element appears. At the end, the problem is resolved or eliminated, and harmony is achieved. Plays differ not so much in their internal structure as in their outcomes, which can be marriage, death, or the intervention of the king who gives way to revenge.
Acts and Scenes
In The New Art of Making Comedies, Lope de Vega said that theater should be divided into three acts (days) and that the order was the approach and denouement.
Read MoreVirgin of the Councillors by Lluís Dalmau: A Hispano-Flemish Masterpiece
Virgin of the Councillors by Lluís Dalmau
Chronology
From 1443 to 1445.
Style
Flemish Gothic style. Author: Lluís Dalmau. Technique: oil. Support: wood. Location: MNAC.
- Perfecting the oil technique
- Exceptional degree of detail, unpublished brightness
- Absence of movement and use of strong symbolism
- Themes: religious, profane, and a great interest in portraiture
- Extraordinary thoroughness
- There is a predominant color in the drawing. It is symmetrical, articulated around the central figure of the Virgin Mary
Language, Arts, and Human Culture: An In-Depth Analysis
Unit 8: Language and the Arts
Language: Fundamental Concepts
1.1 Language as a System of Signs: Theory of the Sign
Human language is a system of signs produced socially. A sign is anything that we use to represent and communicate something. In linguistic signs, we can differentiate:
- Significant: The perceptible part of the sign.
- Meaning: What the sign represents. It may be a specific object or a mental concept.
- User: Every sign is produced and received by a transmitter/receiver that uses it to communicate.
Romanticism: A 19th-Century Revolution in Art and Thought
Romanticism was an artistic, political, social, and ideological revolution. Many of its principles, such as freedom, individualism, democracy, and nationalism, are still important today. Above all, it was a cry of freedom. Individualism, the conversion of privacy into a subject, the subjective representation of the landscape, and the exaltation of the people are some of the core principles of the new sensibility.
Romanticism was broadcast with the momentum of a revolution. The longing for freedom
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution to Early 20th Century: A Transformation
The Second Industrial Revolution
The New Momentum of Industrialization
Industry entered a new phase called the **Second Industrial Revolution**. The most notable changes were as follows:
- New Energy Sources: Electricity and oil were introduced.
- New Industrial Powers: The United States, Germany, and Japan emerged as major industrial powers.
- Shifting Industries: The textile industry ceded ground to the steel industry, and new industries such as chemical and electrical manufacturing rose.
- New Means of Transport: