Understanding Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycolysis
4. Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis: All carbohydrates obtained from the diet are digested by pancreatic and salivary enzymes, absorbed by the intestine, and metabolized in the blood and liver. Glucose is distributed throughout the body.
Glycolysis: Transformation of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) from glucose. The net reaction is: Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP → 2 Pyruvates + 2NADH + 2ATP. It’s a highly energetic pathway, although it is fundamental (common to all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells). It
Read MoreBiochemistry Key Terms: Hydrolysis, Enzymes, and More
Biochemistry Key Terms
Lesson 1, 2, and 3
- Hydrolysis reaction: The cleavage of a molecule by the addition of water.
- Amphipathic compounds: Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions.
- Hydrophobic molecules: Molecules that are not readily dissolved in water.
- Condensation reaction: The formation of cellular polymers from their subunits by the removal of water (reversal of hydrolysis).
- Functional groups: Added groups that confer specific chemical properties on a molecule.
- pH scale: A means of designating
Understanding Metabolism: Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
Metabolism:
Catabolic Reactions:
- Degradation of macromolecules to monomers, metabolic intermediates, and simple final products
- Oxidation
- Gain energy (ATP, NADH)
Anabolic Reactions:
- Synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules
- Reduction
- Energy expenditure
This route has three levels of complexity:
- Interconversion of polymers and lipid complexes
- Interconversion of sugars, amino acids, and lipids
- Degradation ends up as inorganic compounds
Nucleotide Catabolism in Nicotinamide Biosynthesis:
NAD+ acts as a
Read MoreEffective Water Resources Management: Key Principles and Practices
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Key Questions in Water Resources Management
Questions:
1. What is the hydrological cycle and how can water balance be quantified?
Caused by solar energy.
HC: ocean → evaporation → precipitation → runoff (→ evaporation) → infiltration (→ ocean) → subsurface runoff → ocean
Annual water balance in the world:
Quantification: Precipitation (P) = evapotranspiration (E) + runoff (R)
520 (km3) = 484 + 36
Some points:
- Water moves from one reservoir to another (from river
Biochemistry Key Concepts: Definitions and Terminology
Biochemistry Key Concepts
Lesson 1, 2, and 3:
- Hydrolysis reaction: The cleavage of an element by the addition of the elements of water.
- Amphipathic compounds: Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions.
- Hydrophobic molecules: Molecules that are not dissolved in water.
- Condensation reaction: The formation of cellular polymers from their subunits by simple reversal of hydrolysis.
- Functional groups: Added groups that confer specific chemical properties on the molecule.
- pH scale: It is a convenient means
Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle: A Detailed Breakdown
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. It is the process of breaking down glucose to make pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen (O2) and occurs in the cytosol.
Aerobic Respiration (Presence of Oxygen)
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic Respiration (Absence of Oxygen)
- Glycolysis
- Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
- Lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis Summary
- Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules.