Viral Infections: Persistence, Latency, and Immune Evasion

Posted by on Jan 7, 2026 in Biology | 0 comments

1. Defective-Interfering Particles and Persistent Infections

Defective-interfering (DI) particles compete with standard viruses for replication machinery and suppress productive infection. This decreases viral output, avoids complete cell destruction, and sustains infection at low intensity.

2. Viral Nucleic Acid Sensing by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Two PRR Classes Sensing Viral Nucleic Acids:

  • RIG-I–like Receptors (RLRs): Recognize viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) present in the cytoplasm.
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Essential Medical Terminology for Cardiac and Respiratory Care

Posted by on Jan 4, 2026 in Biology | 0 comments

Medical Terminology Reference

Cardiovascular System Terms

  • ADLs: Activities of Daily Living; such as feeding, dressing, bathing, and toileting.
  • Aorta: The main artery that carries blood away from the heart.
  • Atria (singular: atrium): The two smaller hollow cavities of the heart which receive blood into the heart.
  • Blood Pressure: The pressure of blood in the arteries.
  • Blood Vessel: A tubular channel that carries blood (e.g., artery).
  • Cardiac Cycle: Any of the events relating to the blood flow that occur from
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Biology and Psychology Essential Study Reference

Posted by on Jan 4, 2026 in Biology | 0 comments

Biology and Psychology Cheat Sheet

—–A4 Double-Sided Cheat Sheet Layout—–

Side 1: Biology

Features of Living Things

  • Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition (MRSGREN)

Hierarchy of Classification

  • Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
  • Binomial Nomenclature: Genus (capitalized) + species (lowercase), italicized, e.g., Homo sapiens

Cells

  • Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic: Nucleus,
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Biological Foundations: From Bioelements to Biodiversity

Posted by on Dec 31, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Essential Bioelements and Biomolecules

Primary Bioelements: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S). These are highly abundant, making up 98% of living matter. Carbon is the most characteristic, as it forms the long chains that serve as the basic structure of living things.

Secondary Bioelements: Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Chlorine (Cl).

Trace Elements: Also known as vestigial elements, these make up less than 0.1% of the

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Wheat Stem Borer and Red Pumpkin Beetle Pest Management

Posted by on Dec 28, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Wheat Stem Borer (S. inferens)

Systematic Position

  • Class: Insecta
  • Order: Lepidoptera
  • Family: Noctuidae

Habits

The wheat stem borer is a nocturnal insect, living for 10–15 days. Eggs are laid on the inner surface of the host plant’s leaf sheath. Caterpillars bore into the stems of the wheat plant to feed. The caterpillar prefers moist weather to infest new shoots.

Damage

The caterpillars attack and destroy young shoots of the wheat crop, causing uneven growth. The central shoot is damaged completely, resulting

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Cell Biology Fundamentals: Cycle, Control, and Structure

Posted by on Dec 28, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Cell Cycle: Growth, Replication, and Division

The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events enabling a cell to grow, replicate its DNA, and divide into two genetically identical daughter cells, ensuring accurate genetic transmission. It comprises interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).

  • G1 Phase: The cell grows metabolically, synthesizing proteins and organelles while assessing environmental conditions at the restriction point before committing to division.
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