Biologia Celular: Estrutura, Funções e Processos Vitais
Organismos Multicelulares e Unicelulares
Organismos multicelulares são seres formados por milhares ou trilhões de células. Organismos unicelulares consistem em uma única célula.
Nosso corpo é formado por cerca de 65 trilhões de células. A célula-ovo inicial tem aproximadamente um décimo de milímetro.
As células podem ser estudadas com o auxílio de técnicas e ferramentas como o microscópio óptico, que possui lentes de grande aumento para ampliar a imagem da célula.
A Célula como Unidade
Read MoreCell Membrane Function: Diffusion, Transport, and Homeostasis
Cell Membrane Function: Maintaining Cellular Equilibrium
7.3
Human Immune System, Body Organization, and Homeostasis
The Body’s Defenses: Immune System
Understanding the Immune System
The immune system is a complex network of cells and structures within our body that provides immunity, meaning resilience and the ability to fight against pathogens. The system’s reaction to an agent is called the immune response. There are two main types:
- Innate Immunity: The immunity we are born with.
- Adaptive Immunity: Immunity that develops and refines throughout our lives.
Innate Immunity
External Barriers
These are physical barriers,
Read MoreCore Concepts in Biology: Immunity, Cells, and Health
Question 1: Immunity and Population Data
Part A
c
Part B: Antibody Production
When the body is exposed to a virus or disease (pathogen), it produces antibodies to protect itself and fight against the pathogen. These antibodies involve specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes, which can remain in the body after the infection has passed, providing immunity.
Part C: Data Analysis
- 21 * 11.8
- Calculating rates (e.g., per 100,000 people) makes it easier to compare health statistics between countries,
The Building Blocks of Life: Cells, Molecules, and Biological Cycles
The Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates play a key role in energy storage and structural support. They are categorized into:
- Monosaccharides: Simple carbohydrates with chains of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Energy-providing monosaccharides include glucose (used by all living organisms), fructose, and galactose. Structural monosaccharides include ribose and deoxyribose, components of DNA and RNA.
- Disaccharides: Formed by the union of two monosaccharide molecules. Important examples include lactose,
Animal Digestive Systems: A Comprehensive Look
Animal Digestive Systems
In animals, the primary function of the digestive system is to transform food into usable molecules for body cells to perform their vital activity (cell metabolism). Key substances that should be incorporated in an animal’s food include:
- Carbon-based molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids
- Nitrogen-based molecules (proteins)
- Vitamins
- Minerals and water
The Digestive Process
The digestive function consists of four main processes:
- Capture and Ingestion: The type of ingestion an