PCR and Transcriptome Analysis Techniques

Primers

  • Length: 18-30 bp
  • Avoid self-complementarity
  • Flank regions 100-1000 bp apart
  • Multiplexing with multiple primers is possible
  • 3’ end should not be GC-rich and avoid complementarity to prevent nonspecific binding and primer dimers

Taq Polymerase

  • Source: Taquaticus
  • Optimal efficiency: 75-80°C
  • Replication speed: ~1 kb in <10 seconds

QRT-PCR

  • Mostly semi-quantitative
  • Fluorescence probe with reader enables readout
  • Increase in fluorescence indicates starting material
  • dsDNA dye like SYBR Green is not quantitative
    • Shows
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Understanding Human Multicellularity: Cell Functions & Reproduction

Humans as Multicellular Organisms

The three primary functions of an organism are interaction, nutrition, and reproduction.

Nutrition: This is the process by which cells and organisms obtain energy from food.

Interaction: This refers to an organism’s ability to detect and react to external or internal stimuli.

Reproduction: This is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced from their parents.

The Cell

The cell is the functional unit of all organisms, the smallest living part

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Ayurvedic Concept of Ojas: Immunity, Life Force & Vitality

आयुर्वेद के अनुसार ओजस: प्रतिरक्षा और जीवन शक्ति ss15/15

संदर्भ: [आयुर्वेद] रस-रक्त आदि सप्त धातु ss15/15

मन और शरीर का गहरा संबंध होता है। ss15/15

ओजस शारीरिक और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य का एक महत्वपूर्ण पहलू है। ss15/19

आयुर्वेदिक

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Rhesus Blood Groups and Maternal-Fetal RhD Incompatibility

Rhesus Blood Groups and RhD Incompatibility

Rhesus Blood Group System

  • Genetically determined by 6 important antigens (among approximately 50 antigens): c-C, d-D, e-E.
  • Presence of antigen D (a strong antigen) on the erythrocyte membrane determines positivity (Rh+). This applies to about 85% of the European population.
    • Possible Genotypes: CDE, CDe, cDe, cDE
  • Rh negativity (Rh-) is determined by the d antigen (a weak antigen).
    • Possible Genotypes: Cde, Cde, cde, cdE
  • Sometimes, the presence of the E antigen
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Nervous System Function: Autonomic Control & Neural Signals

Nervous System Organization

The Nervous System comprises two main parts:

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It builds and maintains models of the environment, makes decisions, and processes sensory information. Grey matter contains dendrites and cell bodies, while white matter consists of myelinated axons. The blood-brain barrier tightly regulates substances entering the brain.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS, connecting
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Fundamentals of Biology: Energy, Atoms, Molecules, and Systems

Energy and Its Forms

Energy is the ability to cause changes. There are two kinds:

  • Potential Energy: Unactualized energy.
  • Kinetic Energy: Active energy. Examples include heat, electricity, light, and movement. Potential energy includes gravity and chemical energy.

Atoms and Molecules

Atoms are the smallest unit of an element (e.g., Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Iron).

Subatomic Particles and Molecules

Subatomic Particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) together make up atoms, which form molecules.

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