Human Anatomy: Systems, Chemistry, and Cell Biology
Organ Systems and Their Functions
| System | Major Function |
|---|---|
| Integumentary | Protects the body and regulates temperature (skin, hair, nails). |
| Skeletal | Supports the body, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. |
| Muscular | Responsible for movement and posture. |
| Nervous | Fast communication and control of body responses. |
| Endocrine | Hormone secretion for internal regulation. |
| Cardiovascular | Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes (heart, blood vessels). |
| Lymphatic | Immune response and fluid balance (lymph nodes, spleen). |
| Respiratory | Facilitates |
Viral Infections: Persistence, Latency, and Immune Evasion
1. Defective-Interfering Particles and Persistent Infections
2. Viral Nucleic Acid Sensing by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Two PRR Classes Sensing Viral Nucleic Acids:
- RIG-I–like Receptors (RLRs): Recognize viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) present in the cytoplasm.
Essential Medical Terminology for Cardiac and Respiratory Care
Medical Terminology Reference
Cardiovascular System Terms
- ADLs: Activities of Daily Living; such as feeding, dressing, bathing, and toileting.
- Aorta: The main artery that carries blood away from the heart.
- Atria (singular: atrium): The two smaller hollow cavities of the heart which receive blood into the heart.
- Blood Pressure: The pressure of blood in the arteries.
- Blood Vessel: A tubular channel that carries blood (e.g., artery).
- Cardiac Cycle: Any of the events relating to the blood flow that occur from
Biology and Psychology Essential Study Reference
Biology and Psychology Cheat Sheet
—–A4 Double-Sided Cheat Sheet Layout—–
Side 1: Biology
Features of Living Things
- Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition (MRSGREN)
Hierarchy of Classification
- Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
- Binomial Nomenclature: Genus (capitalized) + species (lowercase), italicized, e.g., Homo sapiens
Cells
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus,
Biological Foundations: From Bioelements to Biodiversity
Essential Bioelements and Biomolecules
Primary Bioelements: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S). These are highly abundant, making up 98% of living matter. Carbon is the most characteristic, as it forms the long chains that serve as the basic structure of living things.
Secondary Bioelements: Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Chlorine (Cl).
Trace Elements: Also known as vestigial elements, these make up less than 0.1% of the
Read MoreWheat Stem Borer and Red Pumpkin Beetle Pest Management
Wheat Stem Borer (S. inferens)
Systematic Position
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Family: Noctuidae
Habits
The wheat stem borer is a nocturnal insect, living for 10–15 days. Eggs are laid on the inner surface of the host plant’s leaf sheath. Caterpillars bore into the stems of the wheat plant to feed. The caterpillar prefers moist weather to infest new shoots.
Damage
The caterpillars attack and destroy young shoots of the wheat crop, causing uneven growth. The central shoot is damaged completely, resulting
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