Molecular Biology: DNA Transcription, Translation, and Genetics
DNA Transcription and RNA Synthesis
During transcription, an RNA molecule, called messenger RNA (mRNA), is synthesized. This mRNA is complementary to the DNA fragment that carries the information for a specific protein. This molecule provides the information necessary for ribosomal protein synthesis. Cells produce proteins, such as enzymes and structural proteins, that may not always be needed. This can lead to a progressive deterioration of cellular functions and activities.
Peptide Mutations
a) AAT
Read MoreJoint and Muscle Proprioceptors: Types and Movements
Anatomical Classification of Joints
Based on the tissue that is located between joint surfaces. Types:
- Syndesmosis: A union made of fibrous connective tissue or dense fibrous elastic tissue. Examples of dense fibrous tissue are the interosseous membranes that unite the diaphyses of the two bones of the forearm and leg. An example of binding elastic tissue are the yellow ligaments that join the vertebral arches to each other.
- Synchondrosis: Here the tissue is hyaline cartilage. As an example, we have
Cellular Structures and Genetic Processes: An In-Depth Look
Nucleus
The nucleus contains genetic information. It can be single or multiple, round, cubic, or poly-lobed. It’s located either centrally or laterally within the cell. We distinguish between the interphase nucleus and the nucleus undergoing mitosis.
Parts:
- Nuclear membrane: Double membrane (external and internal).
- Nuclear pores: Formed by the nuclear pore complex, an octagon of 8 subunits of nuclear pore proteins with a central granule. It allows the exchange of molecules in both directions.
- Matrix:
Human Nutrition: Essential Nutrients and Balanced Diet
Food and Nutrition
Nutrition describes the set of processes by which an organism obtains energy and matter necessary to develop its own structures and perform vital functions. Nutrition is an involuntary process that involves various organs and systems. Food makes up our diet and is necessary for our nutrition. Food is a conscious and voluntary act.
Types of Nutrients
- Inorganic nutrients: These can come from animal and plant sources, and also from non-organic sources. Examples include water and mineral
Cellular Processes and Body Systems
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of forming two daughter nuclei through a single division. The resulting cells, or daughter nuclei, are identical. Daughter nuclei are diploid (2n). Mitosis occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair processes. There is no pairing of homologous chromosomes.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is the set of organs and tissues that release hormones. Endocrine organs are also called ductless glands or endocrine glands because their secretions are released directly
Read MoreUnderstanding the Human Circulatory System and Blood Groups
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting substances throughout the body. It consists of a pump (the heart), a liquid (blood), and a series of vessels (blood vessels) through which blood is pumped. The blood reaches all parts of the body, collecting tissue debris and carbon dioxide, and delivering oxygen and nutrients needed by cells.
Composition of Blood
Blood consists of a liquid called plasma and different types of blood cells. Blood plasma is a thick, yellowish
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