Assisted Reproduction, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine

Reproducción Humana Asistida

Inseminación Artificial

Es la técnica más sencilla y antigua. Consiste en introducir artificialmente espermatozoides, previamente obtenidos del hombre, dentro del tracto genital femenino. Se utiliza cuando la concentración de espermatozoides es baja o carecen de suficiente movilidad, o si el tracto femenino no presenta las condiciones adecuadas para el desplazamiento de los espermatozoides.

Fecundación In Vitro (FIV) y Transferencia Embrionaria

Consiste en fecundar

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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Management

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Anatomic Lung Alterations

  • Failure of the Bochdalek foramen of the diaphragm to close.
  • Migration of the intestines into the thorax.
  • Atelectasis.
  • Complete lung collapse.
  • Mediastinal shift to the unaffected side of the thorax.
  • Reduction in the number of bronchial generations and alveoli per acinus.

Etiology

A congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs in approximately 1 out of 2,000 to 4,000 live births. The baby is usually mature at birth. Two-thirds of affected infants are

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Dental Medications and Radiography Techniques

Key Medications in Dentistry

Local Anesthesia

  • Ester Family: Example: Procaine. Lower usage due to potential for allergic reactions.
  • Amide Family: Examples: Lidocaine, Mepivacaine. Generally considered safer.

Anesthetic Techniques

  • Infiltrative Technique: Used for periapical areas of mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth. Anesthetizes nerve endings in a specific territory.
  • Maxillary Anesthesia (Surgical/Endodontic): Targets only the pulp of the tooth (periapical infiltration).
  • Maxillary Anesthesia (Periodontal/
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Microscopy History, Sample Prep, and Cell Types

History of Optical Microscopy

Key Milestones

  • 1611: Johannes Kepler suggests methods for constructing a compound microscope.
  • 1655: Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, introducing the concept of the biological ‘cell’.
  • Mid-17th Century: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek builds over 200 simple microscopes (single high-magnification lenses, up to 270x).
  • Early 19th Century: Giovanni Battista Amici makes significant improvements by correcting spherical and chromatic aberrations in lenses.
  • Late 19th Century: Ernst Abbe
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Anatomy of the Orbit, Eyeball, and Mammary Gland

Anatomy of the Orbit

The orbit is the pyramidal bone cavity of the face’s skeleton. It contains and protects the eyeball along with most of the lacrimal apparatus.

Orbit Limits:

  • Roof: Frontal and sphenoid bones.
  • Medial Wall: Sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, and lacrimal bones.
  • Floor: Maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine bones.
  • Lateral Wall: Sphenoid and zygomatic bones.
  • Apex: Optic canal.

Orbit Content:

The orbit contains the eyeball, optic nerve, eye muscles, fascia, nerves, vessels, fat, lacrimal glands, and lacrimal

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Human Nervous and Excretory Systems

The Excretory System

The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body, primarily nitrogenous waste like urea and creatinine. It filters body fluids (coelomic fluid, hemolymph, blood) through specialized structures. In invertebrates, the basic unit of filtration is the nephridium, while in vertebrates, it’s the nephron.

The human urinary system has two main components:

  • Secretory Organs: The kidneys produce urine and perform other vital functions.
  • Elimination Pathway: This
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