Diabetes and Hormones: Metabolic Effects
Metabolic Effects of Hormones and Diabetes
Insulin and Glucagon
1. Which one of the following is characteristic of low insulin levels?
a) Increased formation of ketone bodies
2. Which one of the following statements concerning glucagon is incorrect?
a) It promotes gluconeogenesis by stimulating the generation of cAMP in target cells
3. The metabolic effect of growth hormone action is:
a) Increase oxidation of glucose and amino acids
4. Which of the following counter-regulatory hormones acts through binding
Read MoreFemale Reproductive System: Anatomy, Development, and Function
The Female Reproductive System: Development and Function
In sexual reproduction, females produce female gametes called ovules, and males produce male gametes called spermatozoa. These two reproductive cells unite to form a zygote. Fertilization is internal, meaning the egg and sperm unite inside the female reproductive system. The development of the new being also occurs in the female reproductive tract, and the baby is born alive and fully formed; this is known as viviparity.
Processes of Reproduction
- Production
Prenatal Development Stages and Teratogen Risks
Prenatal Development Stages
There are three main stages of prenatal development:
Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks)
- Begins with the fusion of ovum and sperm (fertilization).
- The fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the Fallopian tubes and attaches to the endometrial lining.
- The zygote becomes multicellular, now referred to as a blastocyst.
-
Potential Complications:
- Ectopic Pregnancy: Zygote attaches to the Fallopian tube instead of the uterine lining, posing a serious risk to the mother.
- Zygote fails to attach
Scientific Evidence of Evolution and Biodiversity
Scientific Evidence of Evolution
Classic Evidence
- Morphological: The study of comparative anatomy allows us to understand the similarities and differences that the same organ presents in different species.
- Paleontology: Paleontology studies fossils, which allow us to know the ways that life forms existed in the past and study their evolutionary relationship with current life forms.
- Embryological: Embryology studies the early development of organisms. The principle of recapitulation states that the embryonic
Codominance, Genetic Traits, and Chromosomal Disorders
Codominance and Genetic Inheritance
Codominance
Codominance refers to the relationship between two alleles for the same gene, where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype. The characteristics determined by both codominant alleles appear as a mixture.
Dominance and Recessiveness
This describes the relationship between two alleles where the dominant allele expresses its information, while the recessive allele remains hidden. For the recessive trait to manifest, the individual must be homozygous
Read MoreAmphibians, Birds, Gastropods, Echinoderms, Plants: Adaptations
Amphibians
Amphibians have four limbs, moist, thin skin without coatings. Adults may or may not have tails; Urodeles have tails. They are poikilotherms. Adults breathe through lungs and skin, and larvae breathe through gills and are herbivores. They are oviparous with external fertilization and are the only vertebrates that undergo metamorphosis.
Birds
Birds have a streamlined body, four limbs, a body covered with feathers, hollow bones, and a horny beak. They are homeothermic, breathe through lungs
Read More