Evolutionary Theories: Neutral, Punctuated Equilibrium & Population Genetics

Posted by on Apr 2, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Evolutionary Theories and Population Genetics

Genetic recombination during meiosis results in offspring variations. These variations occur randomly and are pre-adaptive.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Hardy and Weinberg demonstrated that in a population (k) + tax, individuals die and lose characteristics, but the population remains. The genetic stocks are all individuals with the ability to reproduce sexually with each other.

Evolutionary Forces

Fisher, Haldane, and Wright demonstrated that changes in gene

Read More

Cell Biology: Structure, Function, Metabolism, and Photosynthesis

Posted by on Apr 2, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Cells (Chapter 4)

  • Cell Theory: 3 Main Points
    • All organisms are composed of cells.
    • Cells are the smallest living things.
    • Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
  • Cell Size vs. Volume Ratio
    • An organism made of many small cells has an advantage over an organism composed of fewer, larger cells.
    • As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
  • Microscopes: Functions and Types
    • Light Microscopes
      1. Use magnifying lenses with visible light.
      2. Resolve structures that are 200 nm
Read More

Biologia Celular: Estrutura, Funções e Processos Vitais

Posted by on Apr 2, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Organismos Multicelulares e Unicelulares

Organismos multicelulares são seres formados por milhares ou trilhões de células. Organismos unicelulares consistem em uma única célula.

Nosso corpo é formado por cerca de 65 trilhões de células. A célula-ovo inicial tem aproximadamente um décimo de milímetro.

As células podem ser estudadas com o auxílio de técnicas e ferramentas como o microscópio óptico, que possui lentes de grande aumento para ampliar a imagem da célula.

A Célula como Unidade

Read More

Cell Membrane Function: Diffusion, Transport, and Homeostasis

Posted by on Apr 2, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Cell Membrane Function: Maintaining Cellular Equilibrium

7.3

– Cell membrane function: Keep the cell’s internal conditions constant.
– Diffusion: Process in which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. The driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane.
– Once the concentration of a substance on both sides of the cell membrane is the same, equilibrium is reached.
– The movement of material across the cell membrane without using
Read More

Human Immune System, Body Organization, and Homeostasis

Posted by on Apr 2, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

The Body’s Defenses: Immune System

Understanding the Immune System

The immune system is a complex network of cells and structures within our body that provides immunity, meaning resilience and the ability to fight against pathogens. The system’s reaction to an agent is called the immune response. There are two main types:

  • Innate Immunity: The immunity we are born with.
  • Adaptive Immunity: Immunity that develops and refines throughout our lives.

Innate Immunity

External Barriers

These are physical barriers,

Read More

Core Concepts in Biology: Immunity, Cells, and Health

Posted by on Apr 2, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Question 1: Immunity and Population Data

Part A

c

Part B: Antibody Production

When the body is exposed to a virus or disease (pathogen), it produces antibodies to protect itself and fight against the pathogen. These antibodies involve specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes, which can remain in the body after the infection has passed, providing immunity.

Part C: Data Analysis

  1. 21 * 11.8
  2. Calculating rates (e.g., per 100,000 people) makes it easier to compare health statistics between countries,
Read More