Bioprocess Scale-Up & Scale-Down: Industrial Optimization
Bioprocess Scaling Up: Lab to Industrial Production
Bioprocess scaling up is the methodology used to develop an industrial bioprocess from knowledge acquired at the laboratory scale, often based on mathematical and physical models.
Approaches to Bioprocess Scaling Up
Scaling up can be approached in two primary ways:
- Increasing the number of reactors: This method carries no risk of scaling errors since all reactors are identical. However, it incurs significant expenses for monitoring and managing numerous
Boosting Bioproduction: Mutant Isolation & Permeability
Optimizing Primary Metabolite Production
The isolation of mutants that produce an improved level of primary metabolites is a crucial process in biotechnology and microbial fermentation. Through mutagenesis techniques, genetic variations are introduced into microorganisms. These mutations can lead to significantly enhanced production of essential primary metabolites, such as amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, or nucleotides, which are vital for organism growth and maintenance.
Mutant Isolation for
Read MoreCellular Dynamics: Adhesion, Signaling, and Cancer Biology
Cytoskeleton Structure and Function
Actin Microfilaments
Actin is the most abundant intracellular protein in eukaryotic cells. While some organisms may have only one gene, humans possess six actin genes that encode different isoforms. Four α-actin isoforms are present in various muscle cells, while β and γ actin isoforms are found in non-muscle cells. These isoforms differ by only 4-5 amino acids.
Actin exists as a monomer, G-actin (globular form), and a polymer, F-actin (filamentous form).
Functions
Read MoreCore Principles: Waste, Water Treatment, Bioremediation, CYP450
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Fundamentals
Industrial wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from water used in industrial activities before it’s discharged into the environment or reused. Treatment methods vary based on the type of industry, the nature of the pollutants, and environmental regulations. Here’s a breakdown of key components and methods involved:
Types of Industrial Wastewater
- Textile & Dyeing: High color, pH, and chemical loads.
- Food & Beverage: High in
Understanding Drug Receptors and Actions
Receptors: Drug Interaction Sites
Receptors are macromolecules, present either on the cell surface, cytoplasm, or in the nucleus, where drugs bind and interact to produce cellular changes. Receptors are mostly proteins.
Classification of Receptors
Receptors are classified into the following types:
- G-Protein Coupled Receptors
- Ion Channel Receptors
- JAK-STAT Binding Receptors
- Enzymatic Receptors
- Nuclear Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
GPCRs are a large family of cell membrane receptors crucial
Read MoreDrug Properties & Metabolism: Impact on Biological Action
Physicochemical Properties & Biological Action
Physicochemical properties refer to the physical and chemical characteristics of a drug molecule that influence its behavior in biological systems. These properties play a crucial role in determining the drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
Key Physicochemical Properties
These properties include:
- Ionization
- Solubility
- Partition Coefficient
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Protein Binding
- Chelation
- Bioisosterism
- Geometrical Isomerism
- Optical Isomerism
Ionization
Ionization
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