Limited Companies vs Cooperatives: Structure and Shares
Limited Companies (SA/SL)
Limited Companies are subject to corporate income tax.
Formation and Constitutional Requirements
The formation of a Public Limited Company requires a public deed (Articles of Incorporation). This foundational document must specify, among other things, the following essential elements:
- Company Name: The official legal designation.
- Social Object: The specific business activities the company will undertake.
- Social Capital: How the capital is divided into shares, including the number
International Economic Integration, Trade Blocs, and Global Disparities
Mechanisms of Economic Integration
Economic integration mechanisms are based on different convenios (agreements) agreed upon between countries to allow a greater degree of economic cooperation by reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers. Five different stages can be distinguished:
- Area of Preferential Tariffs: Characterized by the reduction of tariffs between two or more countries. These reductions typically cover only a few products.
- Free Trade Area: Characterized by the partial or total reduction
Core Concepts of Money, Payments, and Interest Rates
What is Money?
Money is anything generally accepted as payment for goods and services (G&S) or in the settlement of debts.
Key Functions of Money
- It acts as a medium of exchange.
- It is a unit of account.
- It is a store of value.
- It offers a standard of deferred payment.
Money, Income, and Wealth
- Money: A component of wealth.
- Income: A person’s earnings over a period of time.
- Wealth: The sum of a person’s assets minus their liabilities.
Transaction Costs and Specialization
Transaction costs are the costs
Read MoreFinancial Instruments and Business Structures: Debentures, Shares, and Company Types
Types of Debentures
Debentures are long-term financial instruments issued by companies to raise funds from investors. They are a form of debt and come with a fixed interest rate. Debentures can be classified into different types based on convertibility, security, tenure, and transferability.
Based on Convertibility
- Convertible Debentures: These can be converted into equity shares after a specified period. They are further classified as:
- Fully Convertible Debentures (FCDs): The entire debenture amount
Organizational Development Success at Hotel Torremar
The dynamic Lic. Miguel Cobos Ubeta, Human Resources Manager and Change Agent in a modern hotel, stated: “The beginning was not easy. Our staff was reluctant to change because they felt that organizational development models could be applied in other cultures but not in our country. Furthermore, the change process becomes even more difficult to implement in a service-based company, such as those that comprise the entire tourism sector.”
Organizational Culture and Identity
The image projected by
Read MoreEssential Marketing Concepts: PESTEL, Branding, and Pricing
Essential Marketing Concepts and Definitions
1. PESTEL Analysis
PESTEL is a framework used to analyze the external macro-environmental factors (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal) in the country where the business activity is taking place that may affect the company.
PESTEL Components:
- Political: Current government policies, possible changes, political stability. This can be closely linked with legal aspects.
- Economic: Factors related to consumer spending and income: