Economic Alternatives: Market Systems Without Capitalism
Designing a Non-Capitalist Market Economy
Yes, it is possible to imagine a market economy that is not capitalist, although implementing it in practice poses a complex challenge. To answer this properly, it is important to distinguish between market economy and capitalism—terms often confused but not synonymous.
Market Economy vs. Capitalism: Key Distinctions
- Market Economy: Based on the free interaction between supply and demand, where prices are set by the market and economic agents operate with
Cognitive Biases and Organizational Culture in Project Management
Wardan Hawa
Cognitive Biases Affecting Project Timelines
Student Syndrome (Ariely, 2008)
This describes the tendency for individuals (often students) to succumb to temptation and only begin work when the deadline is imminent, often leading to the invention of excuses.
The Planning Fallacy: Optimism vs. Experience
The Planning Fallacy (Buehler et al., 1997) suggests that optimism often trumps past experience. Examples include:
- Students who believed they would finish their work on time often fell behind.
Working Capital Management and Fixed Asset Depreciation
Depreciation of Fixed Assets
Annual Depreciation of Fixed Assets
It reflects the annual depreciation for fixed assets, accounting for their reduction in value due to use in the production process. This is recorded as an Expenditure.
Accumulated Depreciation of Fixed Assets
This collects the accumulated depreciation made annually for all elements of fixed assets (or non-current assets) suffering depreciation since their acquisition. It functions as a contra-asset account, meaning it is active but carries
Read MoreEssential Marketing Concepts, Global Strategy, and Consumer Behavior
Core Marketing Definitions and Strategies
The 4 P’s of Marketing (The Marketing Mix)
Define each of the 4 P’s of marketing and provide an example of each:
- Product: Creating value (goods vs. services).
- Price: Capturing value (money, time, and energy).
- Place: Delivering the value proposition.
- Promotion: Communicating the value proposition.
Definition of Value
Value is the relationship of benefits to costs—what the consumer gets for what they give.
Three Macro Strategies for Developing Customer Value
List
Read MoreLimited Companies vs Cooperatives: Structure and Shares
Limited Companies (SA/SL)
Limited Companies are subject to corporate income tax.
Formation and Constitutional Requirements
The formation of a Public Limited Company requires a public deed (Articles of Incorporation). This foundational document must specify, among other things, the following essential elements:
- Company Name: The official legal designation.
- Social Object: The specific business activities the company will undertake.
- Social Capital: How the capital is divided into shares, including the number
International Economic Integration, Trade Blocs, and Global Disparities
Mechanisms of Economic Integration
Economic integration mechanisms are based on different convenios (agreements) agreed upon between countries to allow a greater degree of economic cooperation by reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers. Five different stages can be distinguished:
- Area of Preferential Tariffs: Characterized by the reduction of tariffs between two or more countries. These reductions typically cover only a few products.
- Free Trade Area: Characterized by the partial or total reduction