Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex
Kimberlé Crenshaw argues that discrimination law, feminist theory, and antiracist politics rely on a single-axis framework (race OR gender), which erases the lived experiences of Black women. Because Black women exist at the intersection of racism and sexism, their oppression cannot be understood by treating race and gender separately.
Intersectionality is not just racism + sexism—it is a distinct structural position that requires rethinking legal and political frameworks.
Key Concepts
- Single-Axis
Social Justice and Business Ethics Analysis
Angela Davis on Prison Abolition
Why Davis argues that we must reevaluate the punishment process: Davis does not believe the increase in prison populations is due to rising crime rates. Instead, she attributes it to the desire for profit and systemic racist ideas.
- Profit motive: Private businesses view prison labor as a “pot of gold.” It offers no strikes, no union organizing, and no benefits. Labor is paid extremely low wages, meaning more prisons lead to more cheap labor and higher profits.
- Falling
Municipal Governance and Local Administration Facts
Local Self-Government and Municipal Administration Details
British Efforts for Local Self-Government Establishment
The British government initiated several attempts to establish local self-government in India during the colonial era. Key efforts include:
- Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): Introduced limited power devolution to provincial governments and established the concept of dyarchy (shared responsibilities) at the provincial level.
- Government of India Act 1935: Further expanded the scope of self-
Understanding India’s Economic Sectors and Growth Drivers
Economic Concepts and Growth
Short Notes:
- Service-Led Growth: Economic expansion driven by the service sector (finance, IT, tourism, healthcare), contributing significantly to GDP.
- Primary Sector: Extraction and production of raw materials (agriculture, mining, fishing).
- Secondary Sector: Processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods (manufacturing, construction).
- Tertiary Sector: Provision of services to individuals and businesses (healthcare, education, finance, tourism).
- Base Year:
India’s Constitutional Amendments for Local Governance & Reforms
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 is a historic and transformative legislation that gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India. It marked a major step towards decentralization and grassroots democracy by making village-level governance more structured, democratic, and accountable.
The Act gave effect to Article 40 of the Directive Principles of State Policy, which directed the State to organize village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers. By
Read MorePanel Data Models: Fixed & Random Effects, Hausman Test
Panel Data Models: Key Concepts & Estimators
1. General Panel Data Model
The general panel data model is expressed as:
$y_{it} = \alpha_i + X_{it}’\beta + \epsilon_{it}$
$\alpha_i$: Represents the individual-specific, time-invariant effect.
Goal: Estimate $\beta$ despite unobserved heterogeneity.
2. Fixed Effects (FE) Estimator
Methods:
LSDV (Least Squares Dummy Variables): Not feasible for large $N$.
Within Estimator:
$y_{it} – \bar{y}_i = (X_{it} – \bar{X}_i)\beta + (\epsilon_{it} – \bar{\epsilon}_i)
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