Fundamental Chemistry: Elements, Atoms, Laws, and Bonding

Fundamental Chemistry Concepts

Basic Definitions

  • Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down by either physical or chemical methods.
  • Compound: A pure substance that can be decomposed into its constituent elements by chemical methods.

Fundamental Chemical Laws

  • Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier): The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in a chemical reaction.
  • Law of Definite Proportions (Proust): When two or more elements combine to form a compound, they always do so
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Vitamin C Content in Citrus Juices: A Comparative Analysis

Discussion

The results demonstrate that orange juice has a higher vitamin C content per unit volume compared to lemon and lime juices. Orange juice exhibited the highest ascorbic acid concentration at 0.319 M, while lemon juice had a similar concentration at 0.319 M. Lime juice had the lowest concentration at 0.277 M. These findings support the hypothesis that oranges possess the highest vitamin C content and align with previous studies confirming this observation.

While concordant titers enhanced

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Key Concepts in Analytical Chemistry

Gravimetric Analysis

Gravimetric analysis is a technique in which the only measurement performed is mass.

Analyte

The analyte is the species whose composition is required to be determined.

Stages of Gravimetry

Precipitation

If the solid sample is weighed, it is dissolved, and then the precipitating agent is added.

Digestion

The precipitate remains in contact with the mother liquor in order to improve the quality of the crystals.

Filtering

Filtering prevents the loss of the solid. It should be done with cold

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Understanding Matter: States, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

Matter: The material part of the universe. It’s anything that has mass and occupies space.

States of Matter

Solids: Have a definite shape and occupy a definite volume. The particles that make up solids are very close together and aren’t moving around very much (they have vibrations). They often have an organized structure of repeating patterns called a crystal lattice.

Liquids: Have no definite shape, but they do have a definite volume. The particles in liquids are much farther apart than the particles

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Chemistry Fundamentals: Concepts and Laws

Unit 1: Concepts and Fundamental Laws of Chemistry

Pure Substance

A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and defined, distinctive properties. It cannot be separated into other substances without losing its properties. Examples include gold and water. Pure substances can be classified into elements and compounds.

Element

Elements are simple or pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical processes. Examples include gold, silver, and oxygen.

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Nobel Laureates in Chemistry: Chromatography, Radioactivity, and Ionic Dissociation

Nobel Laureates in Chemistry: Key Discoveries

Archer John Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge

Millington Synge: Awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their contribution to the knowledge of techniques of substance analysis, specifically in chromatography.

Chromatography is an analytical technique used to identify and separate the components of a mixture. It is based on the selective interaction of pigments with an adsorbent material. Different adsorbents are used to separate compounds

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