Polymer Chemistry, Ceramics, and Composite Materials

Polymer Chemistry

For obtaining a polymer in polymer chemistry, hundreds of thousands of molecules (monomers) are chemically bound. Homopolymers are obtained if the polymer chain is formed by the union of identical monomers. If the polymer chain is formed by the union of different monomers, copolymers are obtained.

Polycondensation: The chain growth occurs by chemical reaction between two functional groups, in most cases with the loss of a small molecule, such as water or hydrochloric acid.

Polyaddition:

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Improvised Detonators and Explosives Construction

Detonators of delay, also known as time detonators, are useful in various applications. Here are some examples:

Mecha Time

It is relatively simple to create time detonators using fuses for ignition. One common method involves cigarettes, which burn for approximately eight minutes. By determining the burn time of a cigarette, you can plan its use as a delay fuse.

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A similar method uses a rolled paper tube filled with coal dust and a leaf. Powdered coal mixed with finely ground materials can also serve

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Elements and Nuclear Reactions: A Deep Dive

Nuclear Fission

By bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons, the nuclei are broken. This break, called nuclear fission, releases large amounts of energy. This process also releases more neutrons, which can break more uranium nuclei, creating a continuous chain reaction.

Nuclear Power Plants

The heat released in nuclear fission is enormous. However, to harness this energy, the chain reaction must be controlled. This is done in nuclear power plants. Nuclear power generation has risks, such as accidents

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Chemical Bonds: Formation, Types, and Properties

Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds form between atoms to achieve greater stability, often attaining a noble gas electron configuration. Bonds can be homoatomic (same atom) or heteroatomic (different atoms).

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals. Nonmetals gain electrons to form anions, achieving the nearest noble gas configuration. Metals lose electrons, forming cations. Stoichiometry depends on anion and cation charges.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds form between nonmetals. Atoms share

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Stoichiometry, Solutions, Kinetics, and Chemical Equilibrium

Stoichiometry is the field of chemistry that studies the relationships between the quantities involved in a chemical reaction. The laws governing stoichiometry are:

  • Law of definite proportions: when you combine two or more elements for a given compound, they always do so with a relationship of constant mass.
  • Law of constant composition: All chemical elements in a pure state always contain the same elements.
  • Law of conservation of mass: Matter is not created or destroyed, only transformed.

Stoichiometry

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Chemical Bonding: Forces, Structures, and Properties

Chemical Bonds

A chemical bond is the union between atoms, molecules, or ions. Lewis explained that atoms lose or share electrons to achieve a noble gas electron configuration, with 8 electrons in the valence layer.

Forces in Bond Formation

When atoms approach to form a bond, forces appear due to the charges in the atom:

  • Attractive forces: Occur between the nucleus of each atom and the electron cloud of the other.
  • Repulsive forces: Exist between the nuclei and between the electron shells.

A bond forms

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