Understanding Steel Transformations, Alloys, and Defects
Steel Transformations and Properties
Annealing and Grain Size
Annealing is a crucial process in steel transformation, generally employed to achieve a smaller grain size. This, in turn, lowers metal features. Anisotropy is a general property where physical properties like elasticity, temperature, conductivity, and velocity of spreading light vary depending on the direction in which they are examined.
Alloys and Overheated Steel
An alloy is a system consisting of several elements, with at least one being
Read MoreIons, Compounds, and Chemical Formulas Explained
Ions: Charged Particles
Ion: A charged particle composed of an atom that has gained or lost electrons. Atoms are neutral.
Cations: Positive Ions
Cation: A positively charged ion due to the loss of electrons from a neutral atom (e.g., Na+).
| Na Atom | 11 Protons | 11 Electrons |
|---|---|---|
| Na+ | 11 Protons | 10 Electrons |
Anions: Negative Ions
Anion: A negatively charged ion due to an increase in the number of electrons (e.g., Cl–).
| Cl Atom | 17 Protons | 17 Electrons |
|---|---|---|
| Cl– | 17 Protons | 18 Electrons |
Chemical Compounds and Formulas
Ionic Compound:
Read MoreInorganic Formulation and Chemical Reactions
Inorganic Formulation
Valences and Common Elements:
- +1: H (+/-1), Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ag
- +2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Zn, Cd
- +3: B, Al, Tl, Ga, Bi
- +1, +2: Cu, Hg
- +1, +3: Au
- +2, +3: Fe, Co, Ni, Mn (+4, +7), Cr (+6), Mo (+6)
- +2, +4: Sn, Pb, Pt
- +/-4: C (+2), Si
- +/-3, +5: N (+1), P (+1), As, Sb
- +/-2, +4, +6: O (always -2), S, Se, Te
- +/-1, +3, +5, +7: F (always -1), Cl, Br, I
Nomenclature Codes:
1-Mono, 2-Di, 3-Tri, 4-Tetra, 5-Penta, 6-Hexa, 7-Hepta…
Suffixes:
Hypo…ous / -ic, …ous / -ic, …ic / -ate, Per…ic/-
Read MoreDifferential Method, Order Types, Catalysts, and Chemical Reactors
Differential Method and Types of Orders
The differential method, attributed to Van’t Hoff, is based on the actual rates of reactions, determined by measuring the slopes in concentration-time curves. However, the determination of these slopes is not very precise. The equation v = KCn can be linearized as Ln v = Ln K + n Ln C. Plotting Ln v versus Ln C should yield a straight line. The slope represents the reaction order with respect to the substance whose concentration is changing, and the intercept
Read MoreEnglish Grammar Essentials: Tenses, Verbs, Vocabulary
English Grammar Essentials
Present Simple
PERSON + VERB + COMPLEMENT
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I – YO | I run in the park | I don’t run in the park | Do I run in the park? |
| YOU – TU | You run in the park | You don’t run in the park | Do you run in the park? |
| HE – EL | He runs in the park | He doesn’t run in the park | Does he run in the park? |
| SHE – ELLA | She runs in the park | She doesn’t run in the park | Does she run in the park? |
| IT – ESO | It runs in the park | It doesn’t run in the park | Does it run in the park? |
| WE – NOSOTROS | We run in the |
Key Concepts in Biology: From Molecules to Cellular Processes
Pasteur’s Experiment and Spontaneous Generation
Pasteur’s experiment disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. It was a testable and repeatable experiment.
Chemical Bonds and Interactions
Polar vs. Non-Polar Molecules
- Polar: Not balanced.
- Non-Polar: Balanced.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bond: A bond where two atoms share electrons to achieve stability. An atom can share up to four electrons.
- Hydrogen Bond: A weak connection between a hydrogen atom and another atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen