Understanding Chemical Bonds: Atomic Stability and Lewis Octet Rule
Chemical Bonds
Atomic Stability
3.1 Lewis Octet Rule
3.2 Ionic Bonds: Properties of Ionic Compounds
3.3 Covalent Bonds: Properties of Covalent Compounds. Intermolecular Forces
3.4 Metallic Bonds: Properties of Metallic Compounds
In nature, we observe a variety of simple and compound substances, consisting of combinations of atoms, either of the same or different elements. However, with the exception of noble gases, we rarely find substances consisting of individual atoms. This leads us to ask two questions:
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Understanding Chemical Bonds: Types and Properties
A chemical bond arises when atoms interact, leading to compounds with lower energy than the separated atoms. To achieve a noble gas configuration, atoms can gain, lose, or share electrons. Depending on how this is achieved, bonds can be ionic, covalent, or metallic. The properties of compounds depend on the type of bond between their atoms.
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond occurs between metallic and nonmetallic elements. Metals give up their extra electrons
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Elective Nature of Matter
When two bodies with electric charges of the same sign approach, they repel each other.
When two bodies with electric charges of opposite signs approach, they attract each other.
Electroscope
An electroscope is a device used to detect charged bodies. There are two ways to detect if bodies are charged:
- Contact: If a charged rod touches the metal ball, the charge will reach the sheets. Since the sheets have the same charge, they repel.
- Induction: If a charged rod is brought near,
Fundamental Concepts in Physics and Chemistry
Physics
Physics: Part of the science of physical phenomena.
- Phenomenon: Any event under study.
- Physical phenomena: A process that does not alter the nature of the substances involved.
Chemistry
Chemistry: Part of the science of chemical phenomena.
- Chemical phenomena: A process that changes the nature of the substances involved.
The Scientific Method
Steps:
- Observation: Focusing on natural events to reproduce them in a laboratory setting.
- Experimentation: Repeating the phenomenon under study in the laboratory,
Understanding Matter: Substances, Mixtures, Solutions
Understanding Matter: Substances, Mixtures, and Solutions
True or False:
- T – A substance is matter that is always made up of the same combination of atoms.
- F – A mixture is matter that is made up of atoms of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
- F – In a homogeneous mixture, substances are not evenly mixed.
- T – In a mixture, the components keep their own properties.
Multiple Choice:
- In which way do mixtures differ from compounds?
- C. A mixture requires a physical change; a compound requires a
Chemistry Concepts Explained: Reactions, Polymers, and More
Rosenmund Reaction
In the presence of BaSO4, an aldehyde is obtained upon reduction of an acid chloride. This reaction is called the Rosenmund reaction. The product is an aldehyde, and the reagent is Pd/BaSO4.
Polypeptide Bond Formation
A peptide bond is formed from amino acids between one -COOH group and another -NH2 group by the removal of one molecule of water.
Increasing Order of Electron Affinity for Halogens
I2 < Br2 < F2 < Cl2
Usefulness of DNA Fingerprinting
Individual organisms are identified
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