Properties and Composition of Air: Exploring the Gas Laws
Properties and Composition of Air
The initial properties observed in gases were transparency, compressibility, expansibility, and diffusion capacity.
Air Pressure
The first property of air quantitatively studied was pressure, a crucial measurement for establishing gas laws.
Chemical Composition of Air
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Four gases constitute 99% of the total volume and are often referred to as the major components of air due to their relatively stable presence. The concentration
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Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions
Covalent Bonding
Results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms
Types of Covalent Bonds
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond: A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge.
- Polar Covalent Bond: Covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons
Key
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Chemical Bond: mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together.
Ionic Bonding: Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions.
Covalent Bonding: Results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.
Electronegativity: a measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons.
- Nonpolar covalent bond: a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting
Borosilicate Glass: Properties and Diverse Applications
Borosilicate Glass: Properties and Applications
Laboratory Equipment
Virtually all modern laboratory glassware is made from borosilicate glass due to its exceptional chemical and thermal resistance, as well as its good optical clarity. While borosilicate glass can react with sodium hydride to produce sodium borohydride, a common laboratory reducing agent, its overall inertness makes it ideal for a wide range of laboratory applications. Fused quartz, with its higher melting point and UV transmission,
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Chemical Bonding
Definitions
Chemical Bond: Mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together.
Ionic Bonding: Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions.
Covalent Bonding: Results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.
Electronegativity: A measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond: A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally
Read MoreBorosilicate Glass: Properties and Diverse Applications
Borosilicate Glass
Properties and Applications
Virtually all modern laboratory glassware is borosilicate glass. It is so widely used in this application due to its chemical and thermal resistance and good optical clarity. However, the glass can be reacted with sodium hydride to produce sodium borohydride, a common laboratory reducing agent. Fused quartz is also found in some laboratory equipment when its higher melting point and transmission of UV are required (e.g., for tube furnace liners and UV
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