Alkene & Alkyne Addition Reactions: Key Terms & Concepts (Ch 8)
Chapter 8: Alkenes & Alkynes II: Addition Reactions
Key Terms and Concepts
Electrophile
An “electron-loving” species; a cation or electron deficient molecule (with a δ+ charge, or an empty p orbital) that can accept a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Examples include:
- Brønsted-Lowry acids (proton donors) such as HBr, H2SO4, etc.
- Lewis acids (electron-pair acceptors) such as BH3, BF3, AlCl3, FeCl3, ZnCl2, etc.
- Metal ions with vacant orbitals such as Ag+, Hg2+, Pt2+, etc.
- Neutral molecules
Evolution of Atomic Theory: From Democritus to Chadwick
Democritus
Ideas:
All matter is made up of water, air, fire, and earth.
Matter is composed of atoms, which move through empty space. They are solid, homogeneous, indestructible, and indivisible. There are different kinds of atoms, having different sizes and shapes. Matter can be divided, but at some point, it can’t be divided any further, and its name is atom.
Dalton
Background:
Making experiments with gases, law of conservation of mass defined, and multiple proportions.
Ideas:
- Matter is composed of extremely
Nucleophilic Substitution & Elimination Reactions: Chapter 6 Terms
Chapter 6: Nucleophilic Substitution & Elimination Reactions – Key Terms
Common Organic Halides
Alkyl Halide
An alkyl halide (also called haloalkane) is a compound where a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane. Its general formula is RX (Sec 2.5, 4.3E, 6.1).
Vinylic Halide
A vinylic halide (also called alkenyl halide or haloalkene) is an organic halide where the halogen atom is attached to a carbon atom of a C=C double bond (Sec 6.1).
Aryl Halide
An aryl halide (also called haloarene)
Read MoreThe History and Evolution of Chemistry: From Alchemy to Modern Science
The History and Evolution of Chemistry
From Alchemy to Modern Science
Jabir ibn Hayyan: The Father of Chemistry
Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), a Persian alchemist, is often considered the “father of chemistry”. His experimental research in the 9th century laid the foundations for the modern scientific method in chemistry. Unlike the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists, whose works were largely allegorical and often unintelligible, Jābir introduced a systematic and experimental approach based in the
Read MoreOrganic Chemistry: Key Terms for Reactions & Mechanisms
Terms for Chapter 3: Introduction to Organic Reactions & Mechanisms: Acids & Bases
Substitution Reaction (Sec 3.1, 6.2, 10.3, 13.2): A reaction in which an atom or group in a compound is replaced by another atom or group.
Addition Reaction (Sec 3.1, 8.1, 13.2): A reaction which increases the number of atoms or groups that are attached to a pair of atoms joined by a double or triple bond; all parts of the adding reagent appear in the product, and two molecules become one.
Elimination Reaction
Read MoreUnderstanding Chemical Bonds, Atomic Structure, and Periodic Trends
Chemical Formulas and Compounds
Chemical Formula Parts
- Elements
- Number of Atoms
- Charge
Molecular Compounds
- Compounds formed of two or more nonmetals.
Formula Unit
- The basic unit of ionic compounds.
- The smallest electrically neutral collection of ions.
Diatomic Elements
- F, Cl, Br, I, N, O, H
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Why are Bigger Bonds Stronger?
- Both atoms’ nuclei are attracted to shared electrons.
Ionic Compounds at Room Temperature
- Phase: Solid
- Why? With strong bonds, oppositely charged ions pack tightly together