Essential Chemistry Concepts and Atomic Structure Review
Quiz 1 : *
What is the fundamental difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture? – A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout, while a heterogeneous mixture has regions with different compositions. * What is the primary distinguishing factor between an * What is the relationship between milliliters and cubic centimeters? – 1 mL = 1 cm³. * Convert 120,000 miles to kilometers (1 mile=1.609 km)? – 193,080 km *How many gallons are in 5,000 L
Water Hardness Determination and Industrial Treatment Methods
Estimation of Water Hardness using EDTA Titration
B.Tech. Unit VI: Water Chemistry
Principle of EDTA Titration
- Hardness in water is primarily due to Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions.
- It is determined by complexometric titration using EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).
- EDTA forms a stable, soluble complex with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions.
- Indicator used: Eriochrome Black-T (EBT).
- At pH ≈ 10 (buffered with NH₄OH–NH₄Cl buffer), EBT forms a wine-red complex with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺.
- During titration, EDTA replaces
Essential Concepts in Fuels, Catalysis, and Adsorption Chemistry
Fuel Definition, Classification, and Characteristics
A fuel is any substance that produces heat energy upon combustion.
Fuel Classification
- Solid Fuels: Coal, coke, wood.
- Liquid Fuels: Petrol, diesel, kerosene.
- Gaseous Fuels: LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), producer gas.
Characteristics of an Ideal Fuel
An ideal fuel must possess the following characteristics:
- High calorific value.
- Moderate ignition temperature.
- Low moisture content.
- Low non-combustible matter (ash content).
- Moderate
Nuclear Fission Fundamentals and Reactor Technology
Harnessing Nuclear Fission Energy
The practical utilization of energy released in nuclear fission reactions relies on several key principles:
Key Principles of Fission Energy Use
- Chain Reactions: Fission reactions sustain themselves, verifying the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction.
- Neutron Moderation: Neutrons released during fission are high-energy (fast neutrons) and are unsuitable for causing further fission efficiently. They must be slowed down (thermalized) to about 0.02 eV. This is achieved
Chemical Bonding, Solid Structures, and Thermochemistry Principles
Classification of Solids and Interparticle Forces
Sulfur Dioxide, SO₂ (Molecular Solid)
- Type of Solid: Simple molecular (molecular solid)
- Type of Particle: Discrete SO₂ molecules
- Attractive Forces: Weak intermolecular forces (van der Waals and dipole–dipole)
Sodium Sulfide, Na₂S(s) (Ionic Solid)
- Type of Solid: Ionic solid (crystalline ionic lattice)
- Type of Particle: Ions (Na⁺ and S²⁻)
- Attractive Forces: Strong electrostatic (ionic) attraction between Na⁺ and S²⁻
Sodium, Na(s) (Metallic
Read MoreKey Concepts in Stellar Physics and Atomic Structure
Fundamental Concepts in Astrophysics and Physics
Atomic Structure and Matter
- Atom
- The smallest unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons plus a surrounding cloud of electrons.
- Nucleus
- The central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, carrying a net positive charge.
- Proton
- A positive atomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom.
- Neutron
- An atomic particle with no charge and approximately the same mass as a proton.
- Electron
- A low-mass atomic particle