Introduction to Biology and Chemistry: Exam Review and Key Concepts
Exam 1
DNA and RNA
DNA: A G T C
RNA: U C A G
Organic Molecules and Polymers
Most pesticides are organic molecules.
True or False: All cell walls are made of carbohydrates. True
True or False: All biomolecules are polymers. False
Redox Reactions and Electricity
True or False: A battery uses redox reactions to generate electricity. True
True or False: Oxidation and reduction have to happen together. True
True or False: The term “organic” when referring to molecules means they are not harmful. False
Review Questions
- True
Introduction to Chemistry: Ions, Reactions, and Radioactivity
Name & Formula
1. Phosphate Ion: PO43-
2. Nitrate Ion: NO3–
3. Hydroxide Ion: OH–
4. Carbonate Ion: CO32-
5. Ammonium Ion: NH4+
6. Potassium Oxide: K2O
7. Aluminum Sulfate: Al2(SO4)3
8. Calcium Iodide: CaI2
9. Phosphorus Trichloride: PCl3
10. Carbon Disulfide: CS2
Oxidation and Reduction
1. Oxidation is defined as: Loss of electrons
2. Reduction is defined as: Gain of electrons
Reaction Analysis: Cu + 2 AgNO3 ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
3. What is being oxidized? Cu
4. What is being reduced? Ag+ in AgNO3
5. Which way
Read MoreUnderstanding Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Chemistry Fundamentals
Air Pollution and Climate Change
Understanding the Basics
1. Lewis Dot Structure for SO3
(Insert image of Lewis Dot Structure for SO3 here)
2. Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is energy in waves that travel at light speed.
3. Ozone Protection
Ozone protects us from ultraviolet radiation.
4. CFCs and Their Uses
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) were used as refrigerants in air conditioners and propellants in spray cans. (Insert image of CFC structure here)
5. The Ozone Hole
The “hole” in the ozone
Read MoreUnderstanding Chemical Reactions and Properties of Elements
Nascent Hydrogen
Nascent Hydrogen is a more energetic and powerful reductant than molecular hydrogen. Here’s why:
a. Reduction of Potassium Permanganate: Nascent Hydrogen reduces acidified potassium permanganate, decolorizing it, while ordinary hydrogen cannot.
Reaction: 2H2SO4 + 3KMnO4 + 10[H] → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O
AND H2SO4 + KMnO4 + H2 → No Reaction
b. Reduction of Potassium Dichromate: Nascent hydrogen reduces acidified Potassium Dichromate solution, changing its color from orange to green,
Read MoreTitration & Electrochemistry Experiments: A Comprehensive Guide
Titration and Electrochemistry Experiments
Acid-Base Titrations
3. Titration of Strong Acid with NaOH
This experiment involves titrating a strong acid (hydrochloric acid) with a strong base (sodium hydroxide).
- Measure 10ml of an unknown HCl solution into a titrating flask.
- Add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator.
- Fill a buret with 0.1 N NaOH.
- Titrate the unknown HCl until the color changes to radish-yellow.
- Repeat the experiment twice.
- Use the mean value for calculations.
4. Titration of Acetic Acid with NaOH
This
Read MoreChemistry Basics: Key Concepts and Formulas
Chemistry Basics
Fundamental Concepts
Chemical Reactions
Synthesis: A + B -> AB
Decomposition: AB -> A + B
Single Displacement: A + BC -> AC + B
Double Displacement: AB + CD -> AD + CB
Avogadro’s Number and Molecular Mass
Avogadro’s Number: 6.022 x 1023
Molecular Mass: The number under the element symbol (amu)
Formula Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all elements in a compound
Molar Mass: Mass of one mole of a substance (grams)
Calculating Moles and Mass
Moles in grams: Divide grams by molar mass (amu)
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