Chemical Reactions: Energy, Enthalpy, and Equilibrium
The Power of Chemical Reactions: Energy and Chemical Balance
6.1 Energy in Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an exchange of energy. This can be either a release or absorption of energy because the energy that the reactants have is different from the energy that the products possess. A chemical reaction involves the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. Breaking bonds requires energy, while the formation of bonds normally entails a
Read MoreSterile & Non-Sterile Compounding: Best Practices
Hand-Washing Procedure
- Remove all jewelry. Makeup, nail polish, and false nails should not be worn.
- Prior to opening a scrub/brush pocket, squeeze it several times to activate the soap. Remove the scrub, sponge brush, and nail pick, and discard the packaging.
- Press the foot pedals to begin the flow of water. When the water is warm, wet your hands and forearms.
- Do not set down the sponge. Use nail picks to clean under nails. Discard the picks when finished.
- Scrub under the nails of each fingernail and
Comprehensive List of Chemical Elements and Their Properties
| Atomic | Atomic Mass | Group | Period | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinium | Ac | 89 | [227] [1] | 7 | |
| Aluminum | Al | 13 | 26.981538 (2) | 13 | 3 |
| Americium | Am | 95 | [243] [1] | 7 | |
| Antimony | Sb | 51 | 121.760 (1) [2] | 15 | 5 |
| Argon | Ar | 18 | 39.948 (1) [2] [3] | 18 | 3 |
| Arsenic | As | 33 | 74.92160 (2) | 15 | 4 |
| Astatine | At | 85 | [210] [1] | 17 | 6 |
| Sulfur | S | 16 | 32.065 (5) [2] [3] | 16 | 3 |
| Barium | Ba | 56 | 137.327 (7) | 2 | 6 |
| Berkelium | Bk | 97 | [247] [1] | 7 | |
| Beryllium | Be | 4 | 9.012182 (3) | 2 | 2 |
| Bismuth | Bi | 83 | 208.98038 (2) | 15 | 6 |
| Bohrium | Bh | 107 | [264] [1] | 7 | 7 |
| Boron | B | 5 | 10.811 (7) [2] [4] [3] | 13 | 2 |
| Bromine | Br | 35 | 79.904 (1) | 17 | 4 |
| Cadmium | Cd | 48 | 112.411 (8) [2] | 12 | 5 |
| Calcium | Ca | 20 | 40.078 (4) [2] | 2 | 4 |
| Californium | Cf | 98 | [251] [1] | 7 | |
| Carbon | C | 6 | 12. |
EDTA, Chemical Formulas, and Boiler Cleaning Calculations
Conversions and Miscellaneous Formulas
- 1 Cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
- Cubic feet = Length x Width x Height
- PSI = Elevation x 0.433
- 1 PSI = 2.31 Feet
- 454 grams per pound
- Grams to Pounds: grams x 0.0022046
- Liters to Gallons: Liters x 0.26417
Nitrogen Displacement
Volume in gallons x 0.134 = SCF N2 needed to displace a vessel
EDTA
Molecular weight = 292
Dividing the molecular weight of EDTA acid by the atomic weight of the metal being complexed will result in obtaining the required amount of EDTA necessary to complex
Read MoreKey Concepts in Physical Chemistry: Distribution, Tension, and More
Question 1: Nernst Distribution Law
Nernst Distribution Law describes the distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquids. It states that the ratio of the concentrations of the solute in the two liquids is constant at a given temperature. Limitations include non-ideal behavior, and modifications include the distribution coefficient.
Question 2: Surface Tension
Surface tension is a measure of the energy at the surface of a liquid. Classification includes:
- Liquid-liquid
- Liquid-gas
- Liquid-solid
Methods
Read MoreOrganic Compounds: Structure, Nomenclature, Isomerism, and Hydrocarbons
Organic Compounds: Key Concepts
Most organic compounds contain six main elements: C, H, O, N, S, and P.
Characteristics of the Carbon Atom
- Valence of 4 (forms 2 single bonds in CH2 and CO).
- Capable of forming long chains: C-C-C-C…
- Forms single (C-C), double (C=C), and triple (C≡C) bonds.
- Single bonds: tetrahedral geometry (109.5°).
- Double bonds: planar geometry (120°).
- Triple bonds: linear geometry (180°).
- Bond Energies: Etriple > Edouble > Esingle.
- Reactivity: C≡C > C=C > C-C