Sparkling Wine Production: From Grape to Glass
Protein Bankruptcy in Wine
Protein bankruptcy occurs when grape proteins and yeast in wine coagulate due to heat, cold, or the presence of tannins. This coagulation creates a haze in the bottle, affecting the wine’s clarity. Red wines are less susceptible to protein bankruptcy because tannins bind with proteins during barrel aging. White wines, however, retain proteins that need removal before bottling.
Treatment
Bentonite, a clay material with a negative charge, effectively removes positively charged
Read MoreIntroduction to Materials Science
Mixed Dendrites
If a pure metal is cooled uniformly, reaching the solidification temperature, germ nuclei arise. From these nuclei, crystals develop in the direction of crystal axes, giving rise to certain arborescent forms called dendrites.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the displacement of atoms disordered in the crystal lattice from their equilibrium position to another nearby.
Theoretical Density vs. Practical Density
Why is the actual density less than the theoretical density?
The actual density is less
Read MoreLos Angeles Abrasion Test & Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Properties
Determination of Wear on Aggregates Using the Los Angeles Abrasion Machine
The attrition rate of an aggregate is related to its resistance to abrasion by mechanical means and also to the resistance capacity of the concrete manufactured with it. This is particularly important in aggregates used in concrete pavement.
The Chilean Standard NCh 1369.of 78 outlines the procedure for determining the wear resistance of gravel with normal real density.
This document summarizes the most useful aspects directly
Read MoreIdentifying Alcoholic Functional Groups in Organic Compounds
Identifying the Presence of Alcoholic Functional Groups in Organic Compounds
Theory:
Several tests can be performed to detect the presence of an alcoholic functional group in a given organic compound. These include:
- Sodium Metal Test
- Ester Test
- Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test
- Acetyl Chloride Test
- Iodoform Test
(a) Sodium Metal Test:
This test relies on the observation of brisk effervescence due to the liberation of hydrogen gas when an alcohol reacts with active metals like sodium.
Chemical Reaction:
2R-OH + 2Na
Read MoreUnderstanding Carboxylic Acids: Properties, Reactions, and Applications
What are Carboxylic Acids?
An organic compound with a carboxyl functional group is known as a carboxylic acid. They can be found in abundance in nature and are also synthesized by humans. Carboxylic acids deprotonate to produce a carboxylate anion with the general formula R-COO-, which can be used to make a number of useful salts including soaps. This article will study the synthesis of carboxylic acids, oxidation of carboxylic acid, hydrolysis of carboxylic acid and how carboxylic acids are formed
Read MoreChilean Safety Color Standards: A Comprehensive Guide to Meaning and Implementation
STANDARD COLORS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY SIGNALS
This document is based on official standards issued by the Chilean National Institute of Standardization.
3. PURPOSE This rule is intended to fulfill the purpose of signaling:
- Identify and warn of physical risk conditions.
- Identify and warn of danger.
- Identify equipment and materials.
- Demarcate work surfaces and traffic areas.
- Identify and locate emergency equipment.
6. DEFINITIONS
- Color: Corresponds to some feature of light, unlike those of space