Food Additives: Sequestrants, Antioxidants, and Their Uses
Metal Sequestrants and Synergistic Antioxidants
These antioxidants work by sequestering trace metals like copper and iron found naturally in food or introduced during processing. These metals can accelerate oxidation reactions.
Functions of Sequestrants
Some sequestrants also act as acidifiers or preservatives. Additives with other primary functions, such as phosphates and sorbitol, can also exhibit antioxidant activity through this mechanism.
Lactic Acid and Its Salts (E-270, E-325, E-326, E-327)
Produced
Read MoreA Comprehensive Guide to Lighting: Types, Applications, and Photometric Factors
Photometric Factors Affecting Lighting Quality
The main factors affecting the quality of lighting are:
- Color Reproduction
- Color Temperature
- Levels of Illumination
- Glare
- Flashes and Strobe Effects
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
CRI represents the ability of a light source to allow good color vision.
Table 1. Color Rendering Index
| Grade | Color Rendering Index | Level of Color Rendering |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 85 to 100 | Excellent |
| 2 | 70 to 84 | Good |
| 3 | 40 to 69 | Fair |
| 4 | Less than 40 | Limited |
Note: A lamp with Re = 100 shows all colors accurately.
The UNE 12464-
Read MoreIntroduction to Materials Science: Bonding, Crystal Structures, and Alloys
Ionic bond: It is between metals and nonmetals. It is given by the electrostatic attraction between charges of opposite sign.
Covalent bond: It occurs between nonmetals. There are single, double, and triple covalent bonds.
Ionic Compounds: Hard, high melting and boiling points, soluble in polar solvents, dissolved or molten state, fragile.
Metallic Compounds: Melting and boiling points vary, highly soluble in other metals, solid conductors, ductile and malleable.
Covalent Compounds:
- Molecular: Low melting
Understanding the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Iron
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON
Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures
The tensile strength of pearlitic ductile irons decreases continuously with increasing temperature. At 400°C, it’s approximately 2/3 of the room temperature resistance. For ferritic irons, the decline is less pronounced, with resistance at 400°C around 80% of room temperature. The yield strength (σ0.2%) for both ferritic and pearlitic irons remains stable up to 350-400°C, then decreases rapidly. Hot hardness is maintained
Read MoreNuclear Fission and Fusion: Power Generation and Fuel Cycle
Nuclear Fusion and Fission
Item 3: Understanding the Basics
Nuclear Fusion
Reactions between nuclei of light atoms lead to the formation of a heavier nucleus, accompanied by the emission of elementary particles and energy.
Nuclear Fission
Reactions in which a heavy nucleus breaks down, usually into two fragments of similar size, emitting neutrons and releasing large amounts of energy.
Fission Reaction and Energy Release
A heavy uranium nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two lighter nuclei (fission
Read MoreFamilies of Carbon Compounds, Functional Groups, and Intermolecular Forces
Terms for Chapter 2: Families of Carbon Compounds, Functional Groups and Intermolecular Forces
Hydrocarbon (Sec 2.1)
Molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Saturated Compound (Sec 2.1, 7.13)
A compound that contains only single covalent bonds, and has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that are possible.
Unsaturated Compound (Sec 2.1, 7.13)
A compound that contains multiple covalent bonds, has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and is capable of reacting with hydrogen under
Read More