Organic Chemistry: Families of Carbon Compounds, Functional Groups, and Intermolecular Forces
Terms for Ch 2: Families of Carbon Compounds, Functional Groups and Intermolecular Forces
Hydrocarbon (Sec 2.1): A molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Saturated compound (Sec 2.1, 7.13): A compound that contains only single covalent bonds and has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.
Unsaturated compound (Sec 2.1, 7.13): A compound that contains multiple covalent bonds, has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and is capable of reacting with hydrogen under the
Read MoreEssential Lab Equipment: A Comprehensive Guide with Definitions
Essential Lab Equipment
Common Tools and Their Uses
Adapter: adaptador, Magnetic Stirrer: agitador magnetic, Mechanical Shaking Machine: agitador mecanic, Apparatus: aparells, Anode: ànode, Balance: balança, Barometer: barometre, Vacuum Pump: bomb buit, Buchner Funnel: buchner, Bunsen Burner: bunsen, Buret: bureta, Distillation Head: capçal destil·lació, Capillary Tube: capil·lar, Glass Plate (Petri Dish): capsula petri, Cathode: catode, Electrochemical Cell: cel·la electrolitica, Centrifuge:
Read MorePetroleum Refining Processes and Chemistry
Crude Oil Composition
– 84% C, 14% H, <1% others (N, O, metals)
– Paraffinic/naphthenic/aromatic
– Higher API, lighter crude, low specific gravity, usually rich in paraffins
– More sulfur, sour, less sweet
– Sulfur undesirable, hard to remove in thio/benzothiophenes
– More polycyclic aromatics, heavy, less useful product, PNA -> coke
– Asphaltenes clog up well/lines, resins too
Constituents of Natural Gas (>85% Methane), Dissolved/Associated
– Associated has more easily liquefied components
World
Read MoreA Comprehensive Guide to Clean Energy Technologies and CO2 Reduction Strategies
1. Gas-Steam Systems Integrated with Coal Gasification: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Parameters
Gas-steam systems integrated with coal gasification offer a power efficiency of up to 300MW. These systems utilize a fuel mix comprising 55% coal and 36% petrochemical residues, yielding 40% chemicals, 30% Fischer-Tropsch liquid products, and 18% electricity.
Advantages:
- One of the cleanest coal-based technologies.
- Compatible with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
- Production of valuable chemicals and liquid
Acids, Bases, Salts, and Electrochemistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids
Acids are substances that can donate protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water. They are characterized by the presence of hydrogen ions in their molecules.
Examples of acids:
- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
- Nitric acid (HNO3)
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Bases
Bases are substances that can accept protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water. They are characterized by the presence of hydroxide ions (OH-) in their molecules.
Examples of bases:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
- Ammonium
An Introduction to Polymers: Types, Classifications, and Applications
Polymers
1. Definition
In chemistry, polymers are large molecules (macromolecules), usually organic, formed by the joining of smaller molecules called monomers.
2. Classification
2.1. Depending on their Origin
- Natural polymers: Many polymers occur naturally, and biomolecules that make up living things are polymeric macromolecules. For example: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides (such as cellulose and chitin), rubber or natural rubber, lignin, etc.
- Semi-synthetic polymers: These polymers are obtained