Comprehensive Guide to Crude Oil Composition, Natural Gas, and Thermal Cracking Processes

Posted by on Aug 5, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Crude Oil Composition

  • -84% C, 14% H,
  • -Paraffinic/naphthenic/aromatic
  • -Higher API, lighter crude, low specific gravity, usually rich in paraffins
  • -More sulfur: sour, less: sweet
  • -Sulfur undesirable, hard to remove in thio/benzothiophenes
  • -More polycyclic aromatics: heavy, less useful products, PNA -> coke
  • -Asphaltenes clog up well/lines, resins too

Constituents of Natural Gas (>85% Methane), Dissolved/Associated

  • -Associated has more easily liquefied components

World Energy Consumption (Oil > NG >

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Theories of Acids and Bases: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Neutralization

Posted by on Aug 4, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Theory of Ionic Dissociation of Arrhenius

This theory postulates the existence of positive and negative ions in aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes) to explain their electrical conductivity.

Acid

An electrically neutral substance that, in aqueous solution, dissociates into H+ ions (protons) and negative ions.

Base

An electrically neutral substance that, in aqueous solution, dissociates into OH- ions (hydroxyl or hydroxide) and positive ions.

According to this theory, a neutralization

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Chemistry Concepts: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on Aug 2, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

1. Match the symbol on the left with its appropriate description on the right.
d →                 (a) A precipitate forms. 
a ↓                 (b) A gas forms. 
b ↑                (c) A reversible reaction occurs.
f (l)                (d) Heat is applied to the reactants. 
e (aq)            (e) A chemical is dissolved in water. 
c ←→            (f ) A chemical is in the liquid state. 


3. In each of the following formulas, write the total number
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Laboratory Techniques and Experiments in Chemistry

Posted by on Aug 1, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Turn on/off:


encendre, switch on/off:
encendre, place:
posar, pour:
abocar, fill:
omplir, insert:
introduir, remove:
treure, withdraw:
sacar, connect:
connectar, attach:
adjuntar, fix:
reparar,measure:
mesurar, calculate:
calcular, find:
trobar, draw:
dibuixar, sketch:
esborrany, observe:
observar, arrange:
organitzar, note:
anotar,repeat:
repetir, weigh:
pesar,allow:
permetre, compare:
comparar, consider:
considerar, dry:
assecar, moisten:
humitejar, add:
afegir, cover:
tapar:

Heat:

escalfar, cool:
refredar, dilute:
diluir,

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Basic Science Experiments

Posted by on Aug 1, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Experiment 1: Electrolysis

Materials:

  • Container
  • Dilute sulfuric acid
  • Two electrodes (e.g., copper and zinc, carbon and iron)
  • Galvanometer
  • Wires

Procedure:

  1. Fill the container with dilute sulfuric acid.
  2. Arrange two electrodes in the electrolyte so that they are vertical and at a distance from each other.
  3. Connect a galvanometer across the plates by means of two wires.
  4. Note the reading indicated by the galvanometer deflection.
  5. Wait for a short time.
  6. Observe the action of the acid and the electrodes.
  7. Remove the electrodes
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Grade 10 Science Notes: Chemistry, Biology, Ecology, and Optics

Posted by on Jun 26, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Grade 10 Chemistry

1. Atomic Structure

Atoms and Elements

  • Atoms: Smallest unit of matter, consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Protons: Positively charged, found in the nucleus.
  • Neutrons: Neutral, found in the nucleus.
  • Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit the nucleus.
  • Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in an atom.
  • Mass Number (A): Total number of protons and neutrons.
  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Electron Configuration

  • Electron Shells: Energy levels where
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