Chemical Reactions: Concentration Effects & Enthalpy Changes
Aim: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. Theory: Law of mass action states that rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of active masses (molar concentrations) of reactants. The rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid depends on the concentration of reactants. As the concentration of reactants increases, the rate of reaction also increases. The balanced chemical reaction
Read MoreIntroduction to Chemical Reactions
Chemical Safety
Chemical reaction: a process in which atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances.
- Chemical reactions break food down into nutrients that the body can use.
- Chemical compounds are in our everyday life, from the plastics we use to the synthetic fibres that we wear and the healthcare products we put on ourselves.
- Chemicals used at school and in the workplace can be potentially harmful.
- WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) labels provide
Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide to Drugs and Their Uses
Q1. What are the diuretics write any two drugs (examples).
Drugs promoting urine output are known as diuretic drugs, which refer only to those agents that act directly on the kidneys. These drugs primarily increase the excretion of water and ions like sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-, or bicarbonates HCO3-) from the body. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in kidneys determine the excretion of substances. It is also employed in the treatment of various disorders like diabetes
Read MoreAtomic Structure and the Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Structure
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus defines the element. This is called the atomic number (Z).
Mass Number (A)
The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the mass number (A).
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons.
Chemical Element
A pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number.
Rutherford’s Experiment (1910)
Ernest Rutherford’s experiment revealed
Read MoreProperties and Laws of Gases
Gases
These particles, which can be very small atoms or molecules, are in continuous motion and constantly collide.
Features
- Expands to fill the container that contains them spontaneously (the volume of gas is equal to that of the recipient).
- Are compressible.
- Gases form homogeneous mixtures with each other regardless of the identities or related properties of the gases.
- The molecules of gases are relatively far apart.
- They can be modeled with repeated molecular arrangements.
- Each particle is completely
Classification and Production of Non-Ferrous Metals
Classification of Non-Ferrous Metals by Density
Non-ferrous metals are classified into three categories based on their density:
Heavy
Density is equal to or greater than 5 kg/dm3.
Light
Density is between 2 and 5 kg/dm3.
Ultralight
Density is less than 2 kg/dm3.
Tin
Pure tin has a very bright color. At room temperature, it oxidizes and loses its brilliance. It is very pliable and soft at room temperature, but weak and brittle when hot. Below -18°C, it begins to decompose and become gray. This is called
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