Classification and Production of Non-Ferrous Metals
Classification of Non-Ferrous Metals by Density
Non-ferrous metals are classified into three categories based on their density:
Heavy
Density is equal to or greater than 5 kg/dm3.
Light
Density is between 2 and 5 kg/dm3.
Ultralight
Density is less than 2 kg/dm3.
Tin
Pure tin has a very bright color. At room temperature, it oxidizes and loses its brilliance. It is very pliable and soft at room temperature, but weak and brittle when hot. Below -18°C, it begins to decompose and become gray. This is called
Read MoreElements and Compounds: A Concise Guide
Emulsions
Have you ever noticed the two layers of liquid in a bottle of salad dressing? What can you do to the bottle to mix the oil and water together? Oil floats on top of water. The liquids are immiscible. They only mix when you shake them up. Then the oil and water mix as tiny blobs. This type of mixture is called an emulsion.
What happens when you leave the emulsion to stand for a while? Salad cream is an emulsion. Does it separate out into two layers, like salad dressing? You don’t have to shake
Read MoreOrganic Chemistry: Concepts and Applications
What is Ozonolysis? with examples?
Ozonolysis is a method of oxidatively cleaving alkenes or alkynes using ozone, a reactive allotrope of oxygen. The process allows for carbon-carbon double or triple bonds to be replaced by double bonds with oxygen. This reaction is often used to identify the structure of unknown alkenes. by breaking them down into smaller, more easily identifiable pieces. Ozonolysis also occurs naturally and would break down repeated units used in rubber and other polymers. On an
Read MoreUnderstanding Wine Acidity, Sugar, and Sulfites
1. Acidity in Wine
Total Acidity
Total acidity is the sum of all free acid functions present in must or wine. It is determined by titration and expressed in g/L of tartaric acid (in France, in g/L of sulfuric acid). Must have a total acidity greater than or equal to 4.5 g/L tartaric acid.
Volatile Acidity
Volatile acidity is the sum of acids belonging to the acetic series present in wine in both free and salified states. It is expressed in g/L of acetic acid (in France, in g/L of sulfuric acid) and
Read MoreIntroduction to Carbon Compounds: Structures, Isomerism, and Reactions
Question 1
a-c b-d 3-b 4-a
Question 2: Electron Dot Structures
Draw an electron dot structure of the following molecules (without showing the circles):
a. Methane
Answer:
Molecular formula: CH4
b. Ethene
Answer:
Molecular formula: H2C = CH2
c. Methanol
Answer:
Molecular formula: H3C – OH
d. Water
Answer:
Molecular formula: H2O
Question 3: Structural Formulae
Draw all possible structural formulae of compounds from their molecular formula given below.
a. C3H8
b. C4H10
c. C3H4
Answer:
a. C3H8 Propane:
b. C4H10 Butane:
c.
Read MoreThe Nature and Properties of Materials
The Nature of Materials
Structure:
Arrangement of the internal components of a material.
Atomic number Z:
Atomic property equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
Atomic radius R:
Atomic property equal to the distance from the center of an atom to its boundaries.
Electric charge Q:
Atomic property by which matter in an electric field experiences a force.
Ion:
An atom which required a net electric charge by gaining or losing electrons.
Electronegativity:
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards
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